剑麻种质资源表型多样性分析与倍性鉴定

利用常规方法结合流式细胞仪对25份剑麻种质资源叶色、叶缘刺有无、叶缘刺类型、叶顶刺类型、叶长、叶宽、叶长/宽比、叶基厚度、顶刺长、顶刺基部宽等10个农艺性状以及倍性进行了分析和鉴定,结果表明:同一种质资源内叶长、叶宽、叶长/宽比、叶基厚度、顶刺基部宽和顶刺长等变异系数分别在0.9%~13.33%、1.69%~9.13%、1.77%~7.61%、3.99%~11.62%、7.82%~14.31%、9.08%~14.84%之间,不同种质资源间变异系数分别为21.60%、13.95%、15.9%、21.48%、36.59%和30.77%。同一种质资源内叶长、叶宽、叶长/宽比、叶基厚度、顶刺基部宽和顶刺长差异不明显,不同种质资源间存在极显著差异(α=0.05)。基于10个表型性状将25份剑麻种质资源聚为3类,第一类主要包括番麻、广西76416、南亚1号、东368、蓝剑麻、普通剑麻、粤西75等7份种质;第二类主要包括桂辐4号、H.11648、东74、东27、东26和东16等6份种质;第三类主要包括东18、东2、肯3等12份种质。多变量的主成分分析显示4个主成分的特征值总和为5.84,累计贡献率达97.29%。流式细胞仪分析表明,25份剑麻种质资源中,H.11648、东2等14份种质为二倍体,东16和广西76416两份种质为三倍体,粤西75、粤西114等5份种质为四倍体,肯3和普通剑麻2份种质为五倍体,东74为六倍体,番麻为五倍体和六倍体的混倍体。以上结果为剑麻种质资源的鉴定评价提供理论依据。     

基于高通量测序技术分析石蝉草内生细菌多样性

以石蝉草根、茎、叶为材料,采用Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序技术研究石蝉草内生细菌多样性。结果表明,根、茎、叶样品共测得167个OTUs,归属于11个门,分别为变形菌门、Ignavibacteriae、芽单胞菌门、梭杆菌门、厚壁菌门、异常球菌-栖热菌门、绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门和酸杆菌门,各样品的菌群组成和多样性虽有差异,但以变形菌门为优势菌群,约占62.48%~93.24%。在各样品菌群丰度最高的10个OTUs中,叶部优势群落芽孢杆菌属、根部特有群落粘球菌目与石蝉草中具有抗炎、抗肿瘤活性的物质存在潜在相关性。     

武夷岩茶种质资源遗传多样性与亲缘关系的SRAP分析

本研究利用SRAP-PCR反应体系,从88对SRAP引物组合中筛选出43对引物组合,对武夷岩茶主要的30份种质资源进行SRAP分析,共扩增出385条带,其中具有多态性的有236条带,占总数的61.30%,表明30份武夷岩茶种质呈现一定的遗传多样性。武夷岩茶种质资源间遗传距离变幅在0.31~0.98之间,平均为0.63,基于SRAP标记利用系统聚类法把武夷岩茶分为三大类,为武夷岩茶遗传研究、品种选育与资源保护提供参考。     

东北三省大豆种质品质性状鉴评与综合分析

根据目标性状有的放矢的选配杂交亲本是提高优异品质组成品种的选择效率的基本前提。本研究对东北三省102份大豆种质资源的蛋白、氨基酸组分、油份及脂肪酸组分进行测定,通过遗传多样性、主成分和聚类分析,对其进行表型鉴定及基因型分类以综合评价种质品质特性。结果表明:东北三省大豆种质油份及脂肪酸组分变异较丰富,遗传多样性程度较高。根据主成分分析筛选到9个主成分进行聚类分析,通过聚类分析将供试种质资源分为5类。第I类群蛋白含量较高、油份含量偏低,第II类群蛋白、油份含量均居中,第III类群油份含量较高、蛋白含量偏低,第IV类群高油,第V类群高蛋白,类群间的氨基酸、脂肪酸组分各有差异。需根据育种目标在群体间选配亲本,以提高品质育种的效率。     

南繁区稻瘟病菌遗传多样性和群体遗传结构的AFLP分析

【目的】为了明确南繁区稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)的遗传分化情况,【方法】采用AFLP分子标记技术对南繁核心区(三亚、乐东和保亭)和非核心区(琼中、屯昌和定安)共60个稻瘟病菌菌株的遗传多样性和群体遗传结构进行了比较分析。【结果】聚类分析表明,几乎所有菌株都聚在同一个谱系里,并且该谱系没有明显的亚群;群体遗传结构分析表明,核心区群体的多态性位点百分率、Shannon信息指数和基因流分别为87.89%、0.2738和4.2897,高于非核心区群体的81.37%、0.2703和3.5892;然而,核心区群体的Nei基因多样性指数和基因分化系数分别为0.1657和0.1044,低于非核心区群体的0.1662和0.1223。【结论】这些结果表明核心区和非核心区菌株都存在丰富的遗传多样性,不同群体间均存在较多的基因交流,但遗传变异均主要来自群体内;相比之下,核心区菌株的遗传多样性和遗传分化程度较高。     

甘肃小麦品种主要春化和光周期基因的组成和分布

为了明确甘肃小麦春化和光周期基因的分布特点,利用STS标记对96份品种的主要春化基因位点VRN-A1、VRN-B1、VRN-D1、VRN-B3和光周期基因PPD-D1位点的等位变异组成进行了检测和分析。结果表明,在甘肃小麦品种中,春化和光周期基因等位变异组合存在11种类型,每种类型的分布频率不同。其中,Ppd-D1a类型频率最高,Vrn-A1/Vrn-B1/Ppd-D1a次之。在春麦生态区存在11种组合类型,其中VrnA1/Vrn-B1/Ppd-D1a频率最高,Ppd-D1a次之。在河西灌溉春麦区、中部干旱春麦区与洮岷高寒春麦区频率最高的组合类型分别为Vrn-A1/Vrn-B1/Ppd-D1a、Vrn-A1/Vrn-B1和Ppd-D1a。与春麦生态区相比,冬麦生态区不存在春化基因显性变异Vrn-A1,且仅存在Ppd-D1a、Vrn-B1/Ppd-D1a、Vrn-D1/Pp-D1a三种类型的等位变异组合,其中,Ppd-D1a类型频率最高,Vrn-B1/Ppd-D1a次之。在陇南冬麦区、渭河上游冬麦区、泾河上游冬麦区中,基因组合类型Ppd-D1a均占主导地位,分布频率依次为46.2%、93.6%和100%。     

小黑麦杂交F_1代真假杂种的ISSR标记鉴定及遗传多样性分析

为了给ISSR标记技术应用于小黑麦杂种鉴定提供参考,利用ISSR标记对小黑麦品系P1和P_2有性杂交得到的F_1代群体进行分子鉴定,同时结合田间表型调查结果对F_1代群体进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,66个杂交F_1代单株中,52个为真杂种,其中,5个单株无主茎、未结实,1个生长后期死亡。14条ISSR引物对46个正常结实真杂种扩增的多态性条带百分率为61.19%,其中,UBC822的多态性条带百分率为100%,UBC808和UBC815的多态性条带百分率均为75%。F_1代群体和父母本的遗传相似系数为0.62~0.94,说明杂交后代产生了丰富的遗传变异。聚类分析将杂交F_1代群体和父母本在阈值0.748处分为3大类群,第1类群包括1份材料(父本,P1),第2类群包括1份材料(母本,P_2),第3类包括46个杂交F_1代单株;杂交F_1代与父母本的遗传距离较远,先与母本聚为一类,之后与父本聚为一类。田间调查结果表明,7个性状中,除株高偏向于父本外,分蘖数、有效分蘖数、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数和穗粒重均偏向于母本,与父本的差距较大,这与ISSR分析结果基本相吻合。     

Genetic analysis of early-maturing maize (Zea Mays L.) inbred lines under stress and nonstress conditions

Early-maturing maize (Zea Mays L.) germplasm developed from diverse sources has the potential for use in developing maize hybrids suitable for increasing maize production in the dry ecologies of eastern Africa. A diallel study was conducted to estimate general combining ability (GCA) of 12 early-maturing maize inbred lines, identify potential single-cross hybrids for use as parents, assess genetic diversity among the inbred lines, and relate genetic distance to specific combining ability (SCA) and hybrid performance. Sixty-six F₁ diallel hybrids were evaluated under optimal and drought stress conditions at four locations in Kenya and Uganda. The parental inbred lines were genotyped using 94 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Additive gene action was more important than nonadditive gene action for inheritance of grain yield (GY) under optimal conditions. However, nonadditive gene effects were more important in the inheritance of GY under drought and across all environments. Inbred lines CKL0722, VL058014, and CZL0724 were among the best with positive GCA effects for GY across both optimal and drought stress conditions. The correlation between SCA and both genetic distance and F₁ GY was significant under both drought stress and across all environments. Inbred lines with desirable GCA effects for GY and other agronomic traits and hybrids with good performance under both optimal and drought stress conditions are potential parents for development of various types of high-yielding, stress-tolerant, and early-maturing hybrids.     

Genetic divergence in two tropical maize composites after four cycles of reciprocal recurrent selection

Two tropical maize composites were subjected to four cycles of reciprocal recurrent selection to develop divergent inbred lines with good combining ability. This study was conducted to examine the extent of genetic diversity, changes in allele composition and genetic structure, of 100 randomly selected S₁ lines each from the original (C₀) and advanced (C₄) selection cycles of TZL COMP3 and TZL COMP4, genotyped using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Results revealed that the proportion of alleles at both low and high frequencies decreased from C₀ to C₄, whereas those at intermediate frequencies increased at C₄ in the two composites. More unique and other alleles were lost at C₄ in TZL COMP3 relative to those in TZL COMP4. The changes in different measures of genetic diversity were either small or negligible with selection in the two composites. The proportion of markers departing from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) decreased with selection, whereas the total number of pairs of markers in linkage disequilibrium increased with selection in the two composites. Examination of changes in population structures using a model‐based approach as well as cluster and multivariate analyses found a high degree of concordance in stratifying the 400 S₁ lines into four non‐overlapping groups corresponding to the two selection cycles each within the reciprocal composites. The observed molecular‐based divergence between cycles within the same composite and the clear differentiation between the complementary composites highlight the importance of reciprocal recurrent selection for preserving genetic diversity for long‐term selection. This increases the potential of the advanced selection cycles to sustain genetic gain in productivity of hybrids adapted to the savannas in West and Central Africa.     

马铃薯品种遗传多样性分析

为解析一套(559份)从世界各国收集的马铃薯种质资源的遗传多样性,用16个表型性状和36个SSR标记进行了聚类和多样性参数分析。对454份表型数据完整材料的UPGMA聚类分析表明,在欧氏距离14.66处被聚成2个类群(A_1和A),其中A_1在欧氏距离12.74处被分为A_(11)和A_(12)亚群;454份材料在欧氏距离11.73处被划成9个类群,包括4个小类(A、B、C和H)和5个大类(D、E、F、G和I),其中类群I所包括的材料占总数的57.5%,该结果较好地揭示了马铃薯种质材料之间的形态差异,区分生态类型不同和遗传差异明显的亲本。36个SSR标记在559份材料中共检测出134个多态性位点,每对引物检测1~7个等位变异,平均3.72个,引物多态性信息量(PIC)为0.1545~0.7743,平均为0.5783,说明品种间有丰富的遗传多样性。NJ系统进化树分析表明,559份材料可分为3个大群。类群I为一个混合群,各地区品种均有分布,包括133份马铃薯材料,占总数的23.8%;类群II中欧洲、北美及中国东北和西北地区的材料所占比重较大,数量为187,占33.5%;类群III中北美、南美以及中国东北和西南地区马铃薯材料所占比重较大,包含239份材料,占42.8%。表型性状聚类与SSR分子标记聚类结果相似,均与地理位置有很大相关性,应结合共同用于评价马铃薯品种遗传多样性。