可食性抗菌膜的研制及其在草莓保鲜中的应用

[目的]研制出可用于草莓的抑茵保鲜的可食性果蔬保鲜抗菌膜.[方法]先用浓度为80％的乙醇溶液分别提取大黄、地榆、丁香和肉桂,然后进行中草药抑茵试验探索其对草莓灰霉菌的抑菌效果;再以膜的力学性能、吸水率、水蒸气透过率以及抑菌性能为依据,分别确定海藻酸钠的浓度、交联剂的种类、交联剂溶液的浓度、交联时间和丁香与海藻酸钠的比例;最后,将可食性抗菌膜处理草莓后,分别测定草莓腐烂率、失重率、呼吸强度和维生素等指标的变化,来探索抗茵膜的保鲜效果.[结果]试验表明,丁香和肉桂具有广普抑菌性,其中丁香的抑菌性最佳,尤其对草莓灰霉菌的抑菌效果最好;海藻酸钠的浓度为2％,交联剂为4％的CaCl2、交联20 min以及丁香与海藻酸钠比例为7:43时抗菌膜具有最佳的物理和抑菌性能;保鲜组草莓烂果率、失重率、呼吸强度和维生素等指标的变化速度均低于空白对照组,保鲜效果较好,草莓在室温下能保存3d,比空白对照组能延长保存2d.[结论]可食性果蔬保鲜膜制作工艺简单、成本低、保鲜效果好、易降解、可食用、对环境无污染,是一种极具开发潜力的果蔬保鲜膜.     

Supplementation of organic acids and algae extracts in the diet of red drum Sciaenops ocellatus: immunological impacts

The evaluation of a wide variety of immunostimulatory compounds in the diet of cultured fish has received heightened attention in recent years. However, two organic acids, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and potassium diformate (KDF), have been researched to only a limited extent with aquatic species but have been shown to have various positive effects on terrestrial animals. Two algae extracts, carrageenan and alginic acid, also have been shown to elicit immunostimulation in some fish. Therefore, this study was conducted with red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, as a model marine species to study the effects of organic acids and algae extracts as feed supplements by evaluating several humoral and cellular immune responses. A 7‐week feeding trial was conducted with disease‐free juvenile red drum (average initial wt. 2.6 ± 0.2 g). Semipurified diets were formulated to be isocaloric and contain 40% crude protein. Based on previous studies with other fish species, experimental diets were produced by supplementing the basal diet with KDF at 0.6%, PHB at 2%, alginic acid at 1% or carrageenan at 0.5% by weight in place of cellulose. Fish were stocked into 110‐L aquaria operated as a recirculating system with each diet assigned to three replicate aquaria containing 15 fish. At the end of 7 weeks, weight gain and feed efficiency were significantly (P < 0.0001) reduced in fish feed PHB compared to the basal diet and both algae extracts. The greatest phagocytic activity was found in fish fed the diet containing PHB. Total immunoglobulin level was higher in fish fed the diet supplemented with carrageenan. Goblet cell proliferation was greatest in the posterior end of the gastrointestinal tract but not different among dietary treatments. Organic acids and algae extracts evaluated in this study produced variable immunological responses in red drum with carrageenan showing the greatest potential as an immunostimulant.     

橡胶初加工废水污染土壤的微生物固定化修复

橡胶初加工废水产生大量富含高有机质,并具有高粘度、酸性和高有机物等特点。因其处理成本较高且经常存在厌氧处理失效导致后端废水处理不达标、甚至有较多废水直接排出而污染了周边土壤,但目前对于橡胶初加工废水污染土壤的危害及修复关注度不够。前期从天然橡胶加工厂附近的受污染土壤中分离和驯化出了一种以芽孢杆菌为优势菌属的高效降解菌群命名为WR-2。WR-2在橡胶初加工废水降解方面表现出优异的性能,但在应用上WR-2需要一定的准备期及环境适应期。因此,本研究采用包埋法,以海藻酸钠–木薯渣生物质炭、甘蔗渣、椰糠3种载体材料及1.5%、2%两种材料浓度下进行固定化小球制备实验,同时进行橡胶初加工废水中典型的胶清废水污染土壤的固定化小球模拟修复实验,研究WR-2的包埋固定化基础性能及其生物修复能力。经过6组固定化微球在机械性能和对污染土壤的修复效果方面比较发现,2%椰糠改良固定化微球不仅具有较优良的机械性能,在模拟修复实验中对污染土壤的有机质（TOC）降解率高达（96.7%）,土壤二硫化四甲基秋兰姆（TMTD）在14 d全部降解,且使土壤pH从4.42调节至中性,土壤阴阳离子总数降低并具有良好的微生物活性。2%椰糠固定化小球极大地改善了土壤微观结构及土壤通气性和排水性。因此,海藻酸钠2%椰糠作为WR-2的固定化小球制备方式,对优化橡胶初加工废水污染土壤的生物修复能力具有效果优和即时应用的作用。     

母乳低聚糖及其在婴幼儿配方乳粉中的替代品研究进展

母乳低聚糖（human milk oligosaccharides,HMOs）是母乳的重要成分,研究非母乳低聚糖与HMOs之间的差异是实现婴儿配方乳粉母乳化、提升婴儿配方乳粉营养功能、满足婴儿营养健康的基础性工作。本文综述近几年关于HMOs种类、结构特征、HMOs对肠道微生物的调节、肠道健康及免疫系统发育影响的研究成果,同时比较常见动物乳中低聚糖的构成与HMOs的差异,阐述目前婴儿配方乳粉中常用低聚糖的特点及其功能,提出低聚糖在婴幼儿配方乳粉中应用存在的问题与展望,为开发新型婴儿配方乳粉提供理论指导。     

竹炭—壳聚糖复合吸附剂的制备及其性能

以竹炭为载体,使壳聚糖和海藻酸钠两者通过静电作用在竹炭表面形成聚电解质膜,制得竹炭—壳聚糖复合型吸附剂.用SEM、FT-IR对其进行形貌观察和结构表征,并研究了该吸附剂对酸性红B溶液的吸附性能.结果表明:竹炭、壳聚糖和海藻酸钠三者的相容性较好,竹炭—壳聚糖复合吸附剂具有良好的韧性;在温度为4-15℃,pH值为3.5时,吸附效果较好;当复合吸附剂中竹炭∶壳聚糖∶海藻酸钠的配比为4∶0.54∶0.06时,复合吸附剂对酸性红B(其质量浓度为400 mg.L-1)的饱和吸附量约为397 mg.L-1.     

Alginate as a new biomaterial for the growth of porcine retinal pigment epithelium

Objective Determine the effect of a 3‐dimensional alginate matrix on the growth and differentiation of cells isolated from porcine retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Procedures Porcine RPE cells were harvested from enucleated eyecups, isolated by differential gravity sedimentation and cultured in either alginate alone (Group 1) or on plastic tissue culture plates followed by alginate (Group 2). Group 1 cells were cultured in alginate to evaluate the efficacy of the matrix as a culture medium. Group 2 cells were initially cultured on plastic to induce dedifferentiation. The cells were then harvested, suspended in alginate beads, and incubated for a second culture period to determine if the induced dedifferentiation was reversible. Results The number of Group 1 cells was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.01) at the end of the culture period. The amount of pigment and cell morphology of Group 1 cells at the end of the culture period was similar to that seen at initial cell isolation. The initial culture of Group 2 cells on plastic showed characteristic features of dedifferentiation marked by the loss of pigment and alterations in microscopic appearance. Secondary culture of dedifferentiated Group 2 cells in alginate beads resulted in a return to pigmentation and characteristic morphology for a majority of the cultured cells. Conclusions Porcine RPE cells can be propagated in alginate culture with a significant increase in cell numbers while maintaining normal morphology. Under the conditions described in the present study, the dedifferentiation of porcine RPE induced by standard in vitro culture methods is reversible.     

A Promising Potential of Brown Algae Sargassum polycystum as Irreversible Hydrocolloid Impression Material

This study aimed to investigate the potential use of brown algae Sargassum polycystum as irreversible hydrocolloid (alginate) impression material. Potassium alginate extracted from Sargassum polycystum was prepared in three different compositions (14%, 15%, and 16%) and mixed with other standard components to form an alginate impression material. Prior to that, the purity of potassium alginate was quantified with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. As a control material, the alginate impression material from a commercially available product was used. All alginate impression materials were then applied to a die stone model. Dimensional accuracy was measured by calculating the mesiodistal width of incisors in the generated dental cast using a digital caliper 0.01 accuracy (five replications). In addition, to evaluate the dimensional stability, the impression results were poured at four different periods (immediately, 5 min, 10 min, and 15 min). An independent t-test was performed to compare the measurement results with p < 0.05 considered significant. Analytical results confirm that the impression material containing 15% potassium alginate gives the best dimensional accuracy similar to control (p > 0.05). Meanwhile, the optimal dimensional stability was produced in the impression material containing 16% potassium alginate. Our study suggested that brown algae Sargassum polycystum has a promising potential to be used as an alginate impression material in clinical application.     

Exploiting Mannuronan C-5 Epimerases in Commercial Alginate Production

Alginates are one of the major polysaccharide constituents of marine brown algae in commercial manufacturing. However, the content and composition of alginates differ according to the distinct parts of these macroalgae and have a direct impact on the concentration of guluronate and subsequent commercial value of the final product. The Azotobacter vinelandii mannuronan C-5 epimerases AlgE1 and AlgE4 were used to determine their potential value in tailoring the production of high guluronate low-molecular-weight alginates from two sources of high mannuronic acid alginates, the naturally occurring harvested brown algae (Ascophyllum nodosum, Durvillea potatorum, Laminaria hyperborea and Lessonia nigrescens) and a pure mannuronic acid alginate derived from fermented production of the mutant strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIMB 10,525. The mannuronan C-5 epimerases used in this study increased the content of guluronate from 32% up to 81% in both the harvested seaweed and bacterial fermented alginate sources. The guluronate-rich alginate oligomers subsequently derived from these two different sources showed structural identity as determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and size-exclusion chromatography with online multi-angle static laser light scattering (SEC-MALS). Functional identity was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays with selected bacteria and antibiotics using the previously documented low-molecular-weight guluronate enriched alginate OligoG CF-5/20 as a comparator. The alginates produced using either source showed similar antibiotic potentiation effects to the drug candidate OligoG CF-5/20 currently in development as a mucolytic and anti-biofilm agent. These findings clearly illustrate the value of using epimerases to provide an alternative production route for novel low-molecular-weight alginates.     

Chitosan Oligosaccharides Alleviate Colitis by Regulating Intestinal Microbiota and PPARγ/SIRT1-Mediated NF-κB Pathway

Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) have been shown to have potential protective effects against colitis, but the mechanism underlying this effect has not been fully elucidated. In this study, COS were found to significantly attenuate dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice by decreasing disease activity index scores, downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, and upregulating Mucin-2 levels. COS also significantly inhibited the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and IL-6 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Importantly, COS inhibited the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway via activating PPARγ and SIRT1, thus reducing the production of NO and IL-6. The antagonist of PPARγ could abolish the anti-inflammatory effects of COS in LPS-treated cells. COS also activated SIRT1 to reduce the acetylation of p65 protein at lysine 310, which was reversed by silencing SIRT1 by siRNA. Moreover, COS treatment increased the diversity of intestinal microbiota and partly restored the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. COS administration could optimize intestinal microbiota composition by increasing the abundance of norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus and Alistipes, while decreasing the abundance of Turicibacte. Furthermore, COS could also increase the levels of propionate and butyrate. Overall, COS can improve colitis by regulating intestinal microbiota and the PPARγ/SIRT1-mediated NF-κB pathway.