Hardness distribution on wood surface

For better understanding wood hardness, we developed a new hand-operated hardness tester that works with Brinell's method. With this tester we investigated the hardness distribution of wood minutely using a 2mm diameter ball tip. The following results were obtained: (1) On preliminary examination with medium-density fiberboard, we found that the value of Brinell's hardness decreased with the increase in the tip ball's diameter but that it was almost constant with the indenting velocity. (2) By using a small diameter tip, the difference of the hardness became clearer between earlywood and latewood. (3) With radial and tangential sections, we obtained hardness distribution patterns similar to those of wood grain. It seems that the hardness distribution reflects the distribution of density on wood surfaces.     

Hygroexpansion of wood during moisture adsorption and desorption processes

In order to investigate the shrinking and swelling behavior of wood at a non-equilibrium state, the moisture sorptlon processes of wood under constant and changing conditions were studied. For the static sorption experiment, Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata） specimens were subjected to the adsorption processes at 25℃, 10 different relative humidity environments and the moisture contents were measured at distinct time intervals of adsorption processes. For the dynamic sorption experiment, the specimens were exposed to periodically and linearly varying relative humidity between 45% and 75% at 25℃. Moisture content as well as radial and tangential dimensional changes in response to the changing relative humidity were measured. The main results from the experiments indicated that： the moisture sorption isotherms of Chinese fir at equilibrium state and different stages of adsorption processes could be characterized by S-shape curves. From the non-equilibrium state to the equilibrium state, the sigmoid moisture sorption isotherms changed from smooth, gradually increasing values to a steep rise at 100% humidity. Furthermore, under dynamic conditions with a constant temperature and a linearly and periodically varying relative humidity, the moisture content as well as radial and tangential dimensional changes of the specimens generally waved but lagged behind the relative humidity change.     

Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the midwestern USA: 2. Competition for water

A study was carried out in an alley cropping system in the Eastern Maize Belt of the United States with the objective of quantifying the competition for water between trees (black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) and red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). Spatial and temporal variation in soil moisture, tree and maize rooting patterns, tree and maize water uptake, and maize leaf area expansion were determined in three treatments; barrier (polyethylene root barriers separating maize and tree roots), trench (trenching without a polyethylene barrier), and no barrier (control). Significant temporal variation in soil moisture was observed in both black walnut and red oak alley cropping systems. The barrier and trench treatments resulted in higher soil moisture in the maize alley and lower soil moisture in the tree row than the no barrier treatment. Uptake of water by maize was higher in the barrier than the no barrier treatment. However, tree water uptake was higher in the no barrier treatment than in the barrier treatment because tree roots utilized water from the maize alley. Maize leaf area was negatively impacted by water stress in the no barrier treatment. Quantification of rooting patterns revealed that maize and tree roots were concentrated in the top 30 cm soil layer where water fluctuations were greatest. The barrier and trench treatments successfully eliminated the belowground root competition between trees and maize and resulted in greater leaf area and higher grain yields than the no barrier treatment. Thus, competition for water rather than competition for light seems to be critical in defining the productivity and sustainability of this alley cropping system.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

铅笔板高温热压改性技术研究

为克服高温烤板处理的缺点 ,进行了椴木铅笔板热压干燥基本规律及温度、时间与含水率的关系研究和热压干燥的铅笔板与烤板的吸湿性、脆性对比试验。研究结果表明 :高温热压可使木材进行热分解 ,热压干燥后的铅笔板的吸湿性和脆性能达到烤板的要求 ,并在质量稳定性方面优于烤板 ,更重要的是它解决了烤板对环境的污染问题     

Growth and water potential of j-rooted loblolly and eastern white pine seedlings over three growing seasons

The effects of j-rooting on water stress and growth of loblolly (Pious taeda L.) and eastern white pine (Pious strobus L.) were examined over three growing seasons in the field. Seedlings were planted in an area with severe herbaceous competition with either their roots planted straight or bent into a j shape. All seedlings were planted with their root collars placed at the soil surface. During the first year j-rooted seedlings consistently had lower water potentials but never statistically significant. Since both treatments were planted with the root collar at the soil surface, this trend was likely due to an initial shallower root system in j-rooted seedlings. In year three no differences in water potential were significant and no trends were evident. Growth did not differ significantly by treatment at any time but, by year three, j-rooted plants were consistently larger for both species.     

大岗山林区水体、空气、噪声环境背景值研究*

研究表明大岗山林区水体的微量元素环境背景值均不超过世界天然水的环境背景值，水理化性质及微量元素含量均达国内外规定的生活饮用水水质标准；ＳＯ２、ＮＯｘ、总悬浮颗粒物含量均达到《中国大气环境质量标准》一级标准；噪声也不超过国际国内标准，整个林区环境质量优良，生物与环境的生态关系协调并相互适应。     

三个不同因子对滑菇产量的影响

研究了滑菇培养基中含水率、麦麸含量、石膏含量等3个因素对滑菇产量的影响。结果表明:当麦麸含量为17%,石膏含量为1%时,滑菇产量较高,这2个因素不同水平的平均产量差异显著,基质含水率各水平之间的差异不显著。当含水率在63%时,平均产量高于其它2个水平。通过正交试验得出的最佳麦麸含量为17%,石膏含量为1%,培养基中最佳含水率为63%。     

小型单板干燥机的设计

为了适应厂家的需要，设计了小型单板干燥机。特别注重对大门、材车的特殊设计以保证干燥机的保温、密闭及单板在干燥过程中的平整。实践表明，采用该单板干燥机，与原有的设备相比，提高装载量1倍，干燥周期缩短近1/3。     

固体水释水规律及其特性的研究

固体水是一种集微生物、化学技术为一体的生态环保产品。当固体水与植物根系接触 ,在土壤微生物的作用下 ,逐渐降解释水 ,被植物根系吸收 ,可长期地为植物生长提供水分。本文以油松和侧柏为供试树种 ,研究了固体水的释水规律及影响固体水释放的因素 ,得出了固体水的释水总量、释水速率、日释水高度及固体水的释水量与其接触土壤面积的关系。     

薄木贴面装饰板中水份的作用及控制

本文阐述了薄木贴面装饰板生产中水份的调控措施 ,对生产具有一定的指导意义。