PAM施用方式对土壤水热及玉米生长的影响

为了探寻PAM在玉米生产中的最佳施用方式,在河套灌区玉米播种时,以不施PAM为对照,研究PAM沟施、混施、撒施、穴施对土壤水分、土壤温度和玉米生长的影响。结果表明:1)在玉米生长的不同时期,PAM都可提高土壤水分,特别是在干旱的玉米抽雄吐丝期、灌浆期具有显著作用;2)PAM可延缓玉米幼苗期、三叶期的土壤温度回升,抑制玉米幼苗生长;3)从玉米拔节期开始,PAM可促进玉米生长,在玉米抽雄吐丝期、灌浆期效果最为显著;4)PAM沟施、混施、撒施、穴施的玉米产量分别较对照提高30.6%、39.3%、40.2%和31.7%,水分利用效率分别提高18.97%、25.43%、29.69%和20.46%,水分产出率分别提高31.36%、40.71%、42.15%和32.32%;5)在河套灌区,PAM撒施是玉米播种时相对适宜的施用方法。     

延安地区降雨引发黄土泥流的试验研究

在野外模拟降雨条件下,研究了黄土粒度分布和微结构在降雨前后的变化及其对泥流启动的影响.结果表明,采自径流沉积物的降雨后土样中的细黏粒、粗黏粒体积含量分别相对增加了22％和18％,而粗粉粒、微砂体积含量分别相对减少了7.6％和3.3％.坡面残余土的粒度“粗化”,降雨后土骨架连接松散,这些由降雨引起的黄土的粒度和微结构变化说明降雨后黄土的抗剪强度和抗压能力将降低,导致泥流启动的可能性增加.随着降雨入渗,当沿坡面的黄土重力分力与抗剪强度间的平衡被打破,黄土开始滑移并发展成泥流.有效防止坡面土粒度“粗化”是遏制水土流失的关键.     

新疆典型膜下滴灌棉花种植模式的用水效率与效益

膜下滴灌技术因具有显著的节水、保温、抑盐、增产效果,在新疆自治区棉田中已获得大面积推广应用。在目前的大田棉花生产条件下,结合当地的光热、土壤、机械等条件,因地制宜选择合理的膜下滴灌种植模式,对合理调控棉田土壤水盐分布、促进棉花生长与增产、提高劳动生产率和增加棉农收入等具有十分重要的意义。迄今为止,在新疆自治区主要存在3种典型的膜下滴灌棉花种植模式,分别为传统模式、机采模式和超宽膜模式。该文通过开展实地调查取样,基于种植密度、灌溉定额、根区土壤水盐分布、覆膜宽度以及其它影响棉花生产收益的因素,对3种典型膜下滴灌棉花种植模式的水分利用效率与经济效益进行了对比分析。结果表明,由于各种种植模式下不同的种植密度、灌溉定额、根区土壤水盐分布、覆膜宽度等对棉花的耗水与产量产生了较大影响,导致棉花的水分利用效率存在明显差异：超宽膜模式棉花的水分利用效率为1.04 kg/m3,明显高于传统模式的0.98 kg/m3与机采模式的0.89 kg/m3。另外,经济效益受种植模式（影响前期投入与棉花产量）与采棉方式（影响采棉支出与籽棉收购单价）的影响较大：超宽膜模式具有最高的经济效益,其单位面积纯收入达18582元/hm2,稍高于机采模式下的18298元/hm2,传统模式下纯收入最低,仅11725元/hm2。因此,为高效利用农业水资源并增加种棉收益,建议在新疆自治区大力推广超宽膜模式,并对现有采棉机进行适当改进以在超宽膜模式下实现采棉机械化;或适当调整现有机采模式下的滴灌带布置形式（如将其布置在窄行的中央）,但相关的效应仍有待更进一步研究。     

晋西黄土区幼龄苹果+花生间作地土壤水分的时空分布特征

选取晋西黄土区具有典型代表性的幼龄苹果(Malus pumila)+花生(Arachis hypogaea)间作地作为研究对象,在花生生长季的不同时间对苹果+花生间作地和对照花生单作地的土壤水分进行定位监测,研究苹果+花生间作系统间作界面上土壤水分的时空分布特征和水分效应,及其对花生生长状况和产量的影响。结果表明:1)间作地土壤平均水分含量生长季逐月变化显著,水分耗用最大的时间为7月;2)在垂直方向上,土壤含水量随着土壤深度的增加而增加,在水平方向上,土壤含水量最低值出现在距离果树行最近的区域,并随着与树行距离的增加而增加;3)间作地种间土壤水分耗用量最大的区域为靠近苹果树的表层土壤;4)在当前树龄下,苹果+花生间作系统相对于花生单作土壤水分在整体上表现为负效应,对花生的产量产生了不利的影响,并限制了果农间作系统生态效益和经济效益的进一步提高。建议采取适当的调控和管理措施缓解种间水分竞争并提高花生的产量。     

艾比湖湿地不同植物群落下土壤水盐空间变异性

以艾比湖湿地为研究区,运用传统统计学和地统计学相结合的方法对4种典型植物群落下土壤水盐含量变化进行了研究。结果表明:(1)4种植物群落中,碱蓬群落、盐节木群落和梭梭群落土壤含盐量呈中等变异,而芦苇群落土壤水盐则呈现较强的差异性(2)随着土层深度的增加,盐节木群落和梭梭群落中土壤含水量差异性不大,碱蓬群落和芦苇群落则呈下降趋势,而对于土壤盐分,除梭梭群落外,其余3种植物群落各土层盐分呈降低趋势,且表层盐分含量相对较高(3)在空间结构性分析中,不同植物群落下土壤含水量和盐分在一定区域范围内空间特结构性显著,能较好地满足高斯模型分布,由于受气候、距湖距离、湖面积波动及土壤类型等因素作用,4种植物群落中土壤含水量和盐分均具有较强的空间自相关性(4)对土壤水盐含量变化的相关性分析中,4种植物群落下土壤水盐含量与其关联性都相对较小,其中碱蓬群落和芦苇群落呈正相关关系,盐节木群落和梭梭群落呈负相关关系。总体来说,碱蓬群落和芦苇群落土壤水盐总变异趋势大于梭梭群落和盐节木群落,说明距湖远近对土壤水盐空间变化有一定的影响。     

东北黑土区TDR测定农田土壤含水量的室内标定

土壤水分标定是利用TDR监测农田土壤水分过程中的必要环节.以东北黑土区农田土壤剖面深度上的4种典型介质（黑土层、母质层、过渡层、砂砾层）为试验对象,利用“由湿到干”的土柱试验方法,用烘干法对TDR进行室内标定研究.结果表明：1）TDR内置土壤标定曲线测定的含水量明显低于烘干法测量的含水量.在TDR法土壤含水量标定时,指数关系比线性关系具有更高的标定精度.2）单一介质的TDR法土壤含水量标定曲线对自身介质的标定精度高（最大绝对误差3.2％）.3）混合介质的TDR法土壤含水量标定曲线的标定精度较高（最大绝对误差6.6％）,可用于不同介质TDR法土壤含水量标定.本研究结果可用于研究区及类似区域修订TDR法含水量测定结果.     

箱式通风干燥机小麦干燥试验研究

为了解小麦平床通风干燥特性,该文以某型号箱式通风干燥机为试验设备,开展小麦收获后干燥试验研究,测试分析了干燥床风场分布、干燥床层含水率分布、温度分布及耗能等特性。研究表明,该设备在水平面和垂直面均存在较明显的干燥速度差异;在干燥6h结束时整个小麦床层的最大含水率差异超过3%,影响整批物料的干燥效率和干燥成本;干燥5h后整批物料含水率达到小麦贮藏要求,每1kg物料含水率下降5%的能耗成本为0.09元。根据试验研究结果,提出在入风口增加导风栅格、干燥仓体4个角采用圆弧过渡处理、采用气流换向机构和交替换向通风干燥工艺等改进措施来改善该设备干燥均匀性。研究结果为该类型干燥机的小麦干燥工艺优化及设备改进设计提供了依据。     

激光平地改善土壤水盐分布并提高春小麦产量

为了促进激光平地技术的应用与推广,在河套灌区以普通畦田为对照,分期、分段测定了激光平地畦田0～80 cm土层土壤水分、土壤盐分及春小麦生长状况。结果表明,从渠口到畦尾,激光平地畦田不同地段的土壤水分在春小麦生长的不同时期无显著差异,但从拔节期开始,上层土壤盐分逐渐升高;普通畦田从三叶期开始,上层土壤水分、盐分逐渐提高,且显著或极显著高于激光平地。普通畦田从三叶期开始,激光平地从拔节期开始,从渠口到畦尾,春小麦的生长状况逐渐变差,千粒质量、产量均逐渐降低,但激光平地的春小麦千粒质量、产量高于普通畦田。激光平地改善了畦田的土壤水分、盐分分布,促进了畦田中后段的春小麦生长,提高了畦田中后段的水分利用率及产出率。     

Effects of irrigation and plowing on soil carbon dioxide efflux in a poplar plantation chronosequence in northwest China

Soil respiration in forest plantations can be greatly affected by management practices. Irrigation is necessary for high productivity of poplar plantations in semi-arid northwest China. Moreover, plowing is essential for improving soil quality and reducing evaporation. In the present study, the influences of irrigation and plowing on soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) efflux were investigated in poplar plantations in 2007 and 2008. The experiments included three stand age classes receiving three treatments: control, irrigation, and plowing. Mean soil respiration in irrigation treatment stands was 5.47, 4.86, and 4.43?µmol?m^?2?s^?1 in 3-, 8-, and 15-year-old stands, respectively, during the growing season. In contrast, mean soil respiration in control stands was 3.71, 3.83, and 3.98?µmol?m^?2?s^?1 in 3-, 8-, and 15-year-old stands, respectively. During the entire observation period, mean soil respiration in plowing treatment stands increased by 36.2% compared with that in the control stands. Mean soil respiration in irrigation treatment stands was significantly higher than that in the control stands; this was mainly because fine root growth and decomposer activities were greatly depressed by soil drought, since natural precipitation could not meet their water demands. The results also suggest that plowing management can greatly increase soil CO₂ emission by modifying soil structure. After plowing, soil bulk density decreased and soil aeration was greatly improved, leading to greater rates of oxidation and mineralization.     

Asymmetric warming effects on N dynamics and productivity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Climate warming exhibits strong diurnal variations, with higher warming rates being observed at nighttime, which significantly affects rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and grain yield. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of asymmetric warming (all-day warming, AW; daytime warming from 07:00 to 19:00, DW; nighttime warming from 19:00 to 07:00, NW, and a control, CK) on rice nitrogen (N) dynamics and productivity. Two rice bucket warming experiments were performed in Nanjing in Jiangsu Province, China, using the free air temperature increase (FATI) technique. The daily mean temperatures in the rice canopy in the AW, DW and NW plots were 2.0, 1.1 and 1.3ºC higher than those in the rice canopy in the CK plots, respectively. The results indicated that the total N accumulation of rice was 8.27–40.53% higher in the warming treatment than in the control during the jointing, anthesis and maturity stages. However, there was no significant difference detected among the three warming treatments. The warming treatment substantially decreased N translocation efficiency, leading to the retention of more N in the plant stems during grain filling. The warming treatment also decreased the N harvest index, N utilization efficiency based on grain yield and N utilization efficiencies based on biomass in both growing seasons. The warming treatment significantly increased the aboveground biomass (9.26–16.18%) in the jointing stage but decreased it (2.75–9.63%) in the maturity stage. Although DW increased the carbon (C) gain by photosynthesis and NW increased the C loss by night respiration, the daytime higher-temperature treatment affected rice photosynthesis and reduced its photosynthetic rate and product. This effect may be one of the primary reasons for the insignificant difference in the aboveground biomass between the DW and NW treatments. In the AW, DW and NW plots, the grain yield was reduced by an average of 10.07, 5.05 and 7.89%, respectively, across both years. The effective panicles and grains per spike tended to decrease in the warmed plots, whereas irregular changes in the 1000-grain weight were observed. Our results suggest that under the anticipated climate warming, rice productivity would further decline in the Yangtze River Basin.