中国矮生刺黄瓜品系特性的研究初报

本文利用由中国蔓生刺黄瓜自然突变产生的矮生型黄瓜为材料，通过多低自交选育及性状观察，初步了解该矮生黄瓜植物学性状除具有自封顶、植株矮化性状外，与蔓生型黄瓜无明显差异。在生物学方面，该矮生黄瓜具有早熟、雌花节率高、结果集中、生长期短等特性。通过对中国矮生刺黄瓜与不同品种蔓生黄瓜杂交后代的观察、分析，初步认为黄瓜植株高度是由单基因体系和多基因体系共同作用决定的。     

台湾农产品“希望广场”的考察与启示

为提高我国农产品流通的效率,寻求防止农产品价格大起大落现象的办法,作者于今年五月赴台北农产品＂希望广场＂进行了考察。本文介绍了＂希望广场＂的组建历史、运营模式及绩效、得到的支持及其作用机制等,归纳了对大陆农民组织和农产品流通体系的政策启示。作者认为,农产品直销市场在农产品流通中发挥着显著的作用,对提高消费者福利和增加农民收入有很大帮助,加强农产品直销市场建设刻不容缓。应该将农业市场化建立在农民组织的载体之上,充分发挥农民合作组织在农产品流通中的作用。     

Modelling land use strategies to optimise crop production and protection of ecologically important weed species

There is a need to develop farming systems that enable both a satisfactory level of crop production and suitable environmental conditions for natural species. Wildlife‐friendly cropping techniques, such as a reduced amount of applied herbicide or a lower crop density, might be adopted in order to maintain populations of weed species of biological interest. An alternative might be to adopt an intensive cropping system in a part of the field and spare the other part as set‐aside or field margins, available for the natural development of plant species. The objective of this study was to present a method to compare two strategies for maintaining a desirable level of abundance of a given species of interest in agricultural areas, specifically (i) a strategy based on a wildlife‐friendly cropping system in a large cultivated area and (ii) a strategy based on a more intensive cropping system in a reduced area of cultivation, i.e. with land‐sparing. The principle is to calculate the ratio of crop production obtained with strategy (i) to the production obtained with strategy (ii) for a given target density of natural species. We show that the value of this ratio, and thus the relative performance of the two strategies, depends on the density of the weed species that can be maintained in an uncultivated ecological area. The method is applied in case studies of two plant species with contrasting ecology and conservation goals. The numerical results show that the strategy based on a wildlife‐friendly cropping system is more profitable in most situations.     

国土资源信息化对土地可持续发展利用的作用

国土资源信息是国民经济信息中不可或缺的、重要的土地信息资源,在国家经济和社会发展中具有重要的公益性、战略性和基础性作用。文章就加强国土资源信息化建设的必要性进行了分析,并提出了具体的发展措施,以促进土地管理科学化进程,提高土地可持续发展利用。     

Histopathological Changes in Third-Instar and Adult Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) After in vitro Heat Treatment

The Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the most harmful pests of mango causing direct damage by oviposition on the fruit pulp. Mango for export is subjected to hydrothermal treatment as a quarantine method for the control of this pest, but exposure to heat for long periods of time reduces considerably the quality and shelf-life of treated fruit. The aim of this work was to study morphological changes of third-instar larvae and adults of A. ludens after in vitro exposure to high temperature at sublethal times. A heating block system was used to expose larvae at 46.1°C for 19.6 and 12.9 min, producing 94.6 and 70% mortality, respectively. Treated larvae were processed for optical microscopy. A fraction of surviving treated larvae was separated into containers with artificial diet to allow development into adults. Adult sexual organs were dissected and processed for transmission electron microscopy analysis. Results showed that 94.6% of the treated larvae died at 46.1°C for 19.6 min and none of the surviving larvae eclosed to adulthood, as they developed as malformed puparia. For the in vitro treatment at 46.1°C during 12.9 min, 70% of the treated larvae died and only 3.75% reached the adult stage, but ultrastructural damage in the male testes and in the female ovaries was observed. Additionally, 11.1% of the adult flies from the in vitro treatment also showed wing malformation and were incapable of flying. The analysis showed that surviving flies were unable to reproduce.     

利用Ph基因诱导小麦外源染色体易位

对小麦染色体配对控制体系的调控进行了综述,即利用5B染色体缺失效应、Ph基因突变系和Ph抑制基因等方法来诱导易位系。该方法产生的易位系遗传补偿性较好。     

谷子转化及再生体系研究进展

谷子（Setaria italica）具有抗逆性强、适应性广、营养丰富等特点,是重要的区域性粮食作物之一。国内外谷子组织培养和遗传转化报道相对较少。对近年来谷子遗传转化方法和原理、组织培养再生体系的研究进展以及影响转化因素进行了总结,并对今后农杆菌介导谷子转化应注意的问题和前景作了简单讨论。     

移动信息服务在农村地区初始采纳的实证研究

建设社会主义新农村是我国政府的重要任务,而新农村建设的关键任务之一是推进具有信息化特征的现代农业。在农村地区信息化背景下,研究驱动农村用户采纳移动信息服务的主要因素。根据使用移动信息服务的内部动机和外部动机,主要研究娱乐、信息、社会互动、长期在线和方便性等5个因素并建立了模型。根据实证数据验证了模型,最后得到了一些重要结论,反映了农村地区在移动信息服务采纳中的现状,可为电信部门推广农村业务提供帮助。     

Induction of meiotic gynogenesis in bagrid catfish (Pseudobagrus ussuriensis) with homologous sperm and its confirmation for female homogamety

The bagrid catfish, Pseudobagrus ussuriensis, exhibits significant sexual dimorphism in growth rate and body size with males growing faster than females. Therefore, an all‐male culture can dramatically increase the output and profitability of fishery products. According to the monosex breeding route, super‐male individuals’ acquirement by XY male sex reversal and artificial gynogenesis is the key step. An effective protocol to induce meiotic gynogenesis using homologous sperms has been developed in this study. The most effective UV irradiation for sperm genetic inactivation was found to be at a distance of 20 cm with 66 μW/cm² light intensity for 25 min. Optimal treatment for cold shock was 5 min post‐fertilization at 0‐4°C for 30 min, which gave the best survival rate of 13.65 ± 2.87%. The sex ratio in the meiotic gynogens showed a significant female‐biased deviation (p < .05); thirty meiogynogens and their parents were further analysed using a male‐specific AFLP marker, of which only the male parent produced a male‐specific DNA band of 412 bp. These results indicated the female homogametic XX/XY sex determination system in P. ussuriensis. The optimization of a protocol for the successful induction of meiogynogenesis in the bagrid catfish lays the basis for all‐male production and is useful in ascertaining the genetic sex determination system in this promising aquaculture species.     

畜牧兽医专业创业导向型实践体系的构建与实践

为探索以"创业型畜牧生产实训"为特征的畜牧兽医专业实践体系,结合畜牧兽医专业创业导向型实践体系构建与实践进行的10多年教学探索,提出了创业实践体系、校内课程实践体系、教学实践实习体系和社会实践教学体系共4种实践体系并运用于畜牧兽医专业人才培养,取得了提高人才培养质量的良好效果,为畜牧兽医专业人才培养探索新途径.