岛礁海藻场沉积有机物来源辨析

海藻场的沉积有机物(sedimentary organic matter,SOM)是实现海藻场生态系统服务功能的重要物质基础,本实验以枸杞岛北部海藻场为研究区域,围绕大型海藻周年生活史的幼苗生长、成熟茂盛和衰退凋亡3个阶段,于2014年7月凋亡期、2014年10月生长期和2015年5月茂盛期对海藻场的SOM进行样品采集,并运用碳、氮稳定同位素技术,以C/N、δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N为指标分析了SOM的来源及变化。结果显示,1)7月、10月和翌年5月的SOM C/N的变化范围分别为5.9~6.6、6.0~6.9和5.4~6.2,可判定海藻场SOM是典型的海源性来源;2)7月不同水深的SOMδ~(13)C值空间变化明显,介于–20.3‰~–17.6‰,而10月和翌年5月都不显著,分别介于–22.3‰~–21.7‰和–21.4‰~–21.0‰;3)SOM的δ~(13)C值存在时间变化,而7月δ~(13)C值存在不同水深的空间变化;4)δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N和C/N之间的关系表明,7月SOM主要来源于浮游植物和大型海藻的混合贡献,而10月和翌年5月SOM则主要来源于浮游植物贡献;5)根据碳稳定同位素质量平衡混合模型计算得到,7月大型海藻对该海藻场SOM的平均贡献率最高可达53.71%;6)大型海藻产生的碎屑在SOM占比受波浪等海域动力环境影响显著。     

枸杞岛海藻场角蝾螺夏季摄食选择性及其生态学意义

于2013年夏季对枸杞岛海藻场螺类优势种角蝾螺进行了稳定同位素、摄食选择性、消化代谢物粒径等系列实验.稳定同位素结果显示,角蝾螺是牧食性生物,在藻场中的营养级为2.12,属初级消费者,底栖海藻是角蝾螺的主要食源,贡献率为94.5％;摄食选择性实验结果显示,角蝾螺具有较宽的摄食选择,能够摄食海带、铜藻、粗枝软骨藻等1 1种大型藻类,其中铜藻及蜈蚣藻是枸杞岛潮下带的重要优势种;消化代谢物实验结果显示,角蝾螺的啃食作用能为藻场碎屑提供增量,角蝾螺对海藻场碎屑的增量为(0.016 ～0.094)g/d,经过啃食及消化作用产生的碎屑主要粒级为1Φ(＞ 250 μm).稳定同位素分析—摄食选择偏好实验—螺类消化代谢物粒径分析的系列研究表明,角蝾螺在枸杞岛海藻场的群落食物网中,可以起到连接牧食食物链和碎屑食物链的重要作用.     

净化育苗循环水生物流化床特性的研究

比较了生物流化床与生物固定床的水净化特性,生物流化床氨氮负荷和硝化率提高３倍。用电子显微镜和营养琼脂培养法观察了流化床中生物粒子表面的细菌分布与生长情况,生物粒子表面生物膜丰富,均匀,生长繁殖快,活性好。在１５万尾／ｍ３的密度下,循环水培育鲤苗,１５天体重达２１．２ｍｇ,体长达１２．５８±０．９４ｍｍ,成活率９０％。     

The significance of meandering channel morphology on the diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates in a lowland river in Japan

• 1. Many rivers and streams across the world have been channelized for various purposes. Channel cross‐sections of meandering rivers are asymmetrical and have cross‐sectional diversity in their physical environment; cross‐sections of a channelized river are typically trapezoidal and have little cross‐sectional diversity, both in physical and ecological conditions. Several programmes to restore stream meanders have been undertaken to improve river ecosystems degraded by channelization. However, the association between diversification in the physical environment due to meander restoration and the macroinvertebrate community structure is poorly known.
• 2. This study of a lowland river in Japan assessed how the cross‐sectional diversity of the physical environment changed with restoration of a meander in a channelized river, and how the macroinvertebrate communities responded to the changes in physical habitat variation. Comparisons were made between the macroinvertebrate communities of a channelized reach, the restored meandering reach, and a natural meandering reach.
• 3. Natural meandering and restored meandering reaches showed higher cross‐sectional diversity in physical variables and total taxon richness across a reach than did the channelized reach. Almost all taxa observed in the natural and restored meandering reaches were concentrated in the shallowest marginal habitats near the banks. Shear velocity increasing with water depth had a negative association with macroinvertebrate density and richness.
• 4. This study demonstrated that the shallow river bed along the inside of bends formed point bars that provided a highly stable substrate, a suitable habitat for macroinvertebrates in a lowland river. It is concluded that meander restoration could be an effective strategy for in‐stream habitat restoration in lowland meandering rivers.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

绿洲灌区垄作沟灌啤酒大麦的产量及节水效应研究

为了提高绿洲灌区的水资源利用效率,研究了啤酒大麦垄作沟灌栽培的产量效应及节水效果。结果表明,垄作栽培方式有较好的增产、节水、增温效应,与平作栽培相比,4、5月份5cm土层的温度分别提高1.27℃和1.39℃,垄作沟灌栽培啤酒大麦田间长势优于平作栽培,对土壤水分的消耗相对增大,水分对产量的贡献率提高,增产节水效果显著。在相同的灌溉定额下,垄作沟灌较平作栽培啤酒大麦千粒重增加2.10～5.37g,穗粒数增加0.7～7.2粒,产量增加480.5～1 983.6kg.hm-2,增幅6.86%～55.05%,水分利用效率提高5.18%～35.40%,节水1 500m3.hm-2,节水增产效果显著。     

油菜秸秆颗粒-石英砂在导向喷动流化床内的流动特性

在内径0.15 m、高1.04 m的有机玻璃导向喷动流化床内,观察了秸秆颗粒-石英砂二元混合物系的流动特性。结果表明:最小喷动流化速度随静止床层高度和秸秆颗粒在混合物中比例的增加而减小;流化气的引入有利于喷动,可使喷动气气速减小,但会使最小喷动流化速度增大。固体循环速率随静止床层高度增加先快速增加后增加趋缓,随秸秆颗粒比例的增加而减小,但秸秆颗粒的循环速率变化不大。随静止床层高度的增加,中心喷泉高度在0.092 m之前快速增加,0.092 m之后有小幅度增加,秸秆颗粒比例增加,中心喷泉高度减小。操作相图可分为固定床、局部喷动流化床、喷动流化床、带出床4部分,喷动流化区域随静止床层高度的增加而减小,随秸秆颗粒在混合物中质量比例的增加而增大。最后,提出了导向管喷动流化床最小喷动流化速度和中心喷泉高度的关联式。     

RESPONSES OF WHEAT PLANTS IN TERMS OF SOIL WATER CONTENT,BULK DENSITY,SALINITY, AND ROOT GROWTH UNDER DIFFERENT PLANTING SYSTEMS AND VARIOUS IRRIGATION FREQUENCIES

The effects of irrigation water rates and seed bed shapes on changes in soil water and salinity status, bulk density, root growth and dry matter (DM) weights of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated with a split plot design in a field trial in Zahak Agricultural Research Station in Sistan, Iran in 2005. Irrigation intervals after 80 and 160 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan were used as main plot. Flat surface, single, triple, and six-row beds with a 20 cm row space were used as subplots. Each treatment was replicated four times. Volumetric soil water content and soil electrical conductivity (EC) were measured using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) at 0 —20, 20 —40 and 40 —60 cm depths at nine different times during the growing season. Soil water contents were also measured at 0 —10 and 10 —20 cm depths using standard sampling rings at four different times. The three and six-row beds increased the EC of the saturated paste extract with the more frequent irrigation intervals in this coarse textured soil. Soil water content, DM, and root density were always greater with the more frequent irrigations (shorter irrigation intervals). Root density was greatest in 0 —20 cm depth with the single row bed treatment. Grain yield and root density were greatest with single row bed treatment due to the bed shape at the root development stage (possibly due to a reduced mechanical resistance). A greater soil water content by the short irrigation interval increased grain yield and root density via reducing mechanical resistance. With the loamy sand, bulk density and mechanical resistance increased rapidly after cultivation. Bed shape at root development stage might have enhanced root growth and the crop yields. Apparently, mechanical resistance was the most limiting factor with these loamy sand soils than salinity.     

鱼稻共生条件下陶粒载体水稻浮床提高细菌活性及多样性

以轻质陶粒为主要原料开发出一种新型生物浮床载体,并通过种植水稻构建了陶粒载体水稻浮床对池塘水环境进行修复。研究了陶粒载体水稻浮床对精养池塘的水质净化作用,并采用Biolog-ECO技术分析了陶粒载体水稻浮床对池塘浮游细菌碳源代谢模式和多样性的影响。结果显示,试验组池塘水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和亚硝态氮(NO2–-N)等水质指标在8月份显著低于对照组,高锰酸盐指数(IMn)在8月份和10月份显著低于对照组。试验组池塘浮游细菌群落代谢活性(AWCD)、Shannon指数和丰富度指数在8月份显著高于对照塘,Shannon均匀度指数在10月份显著高于对照塘。浮床种植水稻产量达到5 900 kg/hm~2。结果表明陶粒载体水稻浮床在具备一定生产性能基础上,降低了精养池塘水中氮磷营养水平,改变了精养池塘浮游细菌群落碳源利用模式,并提高了池塘浮游细菌群落代谢活性和功能多样性。结果可为应用陶粒载体水稻浮床调控池塘水环境提供理论指导。     

升温方式对中试鼓泡流化床气化过程的影响

为了研究中试鼓泡流化床升温过程特性,试验以木屑为原料,处理量50kg/h的自供热中试鼓泡流化床为反应装置,采取3种不同的升温方式进行空气气化试验研究。升温过程分别采用木屑、木屑与木炭混合、木炭为加热原料,针对气化前期系统升温过程中的气化温度、焦油含量、气体品质及最小流化速度进行了研究。结果表明:采用纯木炭的升温方式效果较为理想;气化主反应区温度控制在900℃以上,温度及升温速率的提高有利于减少焦油生成量,实测焦油含量为1.15g/m3;空气气化时热值可达6.9MJ/m3;最小流化速度受床料粒径和升温速率影响。该试验可为自供热中试流化床试验平台的升温方式提供一种设备简单,操作方便、快捷,经济性好的新方法。     

基于CFD的养殖污水净化内循环流化床反应器结构优化

针对水产养殖污水净化对内循环流化床反应器的相关要求及流化状态下反应器结构、操作参数与相流体力学行为的密切关系,该文利用构建的描述不同结构、操作参数反应器气液两相流动的计算流体力学数学模型,分析了不同结构、操作参数下反应器液体流场、液体循环流量、气含率的变化规律,得到了对于内径200 mm、底部采用均孔布气盘的反应器,在表观气速为0.5~2.5 cm/s时,导流筒与反应器的内径比0.5,导流筒高度与反应器内径比6,导流筒下端到反应器底部距离50 mm,导流筒上端到液面距离100 mm为最优值;针对液体循环流量,使用相关数学模型求解理论值并与试验值进行比对,通过偏差分析探究了数学模型应用的局限性;使用MATLAB最小二乘法拟合了反应器在最优结构参数下表观气速与液体循环流量、气含率的关系,验证了拟合公式的精确性。该研究为内循环流化床反应器在水产养殖污水处理中的设计应用提供理论和技术参考。