Bats adjust temporal parameters of echolocation pulses but not those of communication calls in response to traffic noise

Many studies based on acute short‐term noise exposure have demonstrated that animals can adjust their vocalizations in response to ambient noise. However, the effects of chronic noise over a relatively long time scale of multiple days remain largely unclear. Bats rely mainly on acoustic signals for perception of environmental and social communication. Nearly all previous studies on noise‐induced vocal adjustments have focused on echolocation pulse sounds. Relatively little is known regarding the effects of noise on social communication calls. Here, we examined the dynamic changes in the temporal parameters of echolocation and communication vocalizations of Vespertilio sinensis when exposed to traffic noise over multiple days. We found that the bats started to modify their echolocation vocalizations on the fourth day of noise exposure, with an increase of 42–91% in the total number of pulse sequences per day. Under noisy conditions, the number of pulses within a pulse sequence decreased by an average of 17.2%, resulting in a significantly slower number of pulses/sequence (P < 0.001). However, there was little change in the duration of a pulse sequence. These parameters were not significantly adjusted in most communication vocalizations under the noise condition (all P > 0.05), except that the duration decreased and the number of syllables/sequences increased in 1 type of communicative vocalization (P < 0.05). This study suggests that bats routinely adjust temporal parameters of echolocation but rarely of communication vocalizations in response to noise condition.     

可变径管道机器人结构及控制系统设计

分析管道运输在当今社会生活中的重要性,提出了一种轮式可变径管道机器人机械结构和控制系统总体方案,能够适应机器人对120～220 mm管径变化的需求.设计了管道机器人驱动装置和自适应调节机构,同时设计了管道机器人的控制系统.该控制系统上采用了上、下位机控制方式,下位机以Arduino单片机为中央控制器,上位机使用LabV...     

农业产业结构调整对农业经济增长的作用探析

农业作为古老且现代的产业,其在国民经济发展中有着重要的地位.本文从产业结构的定义入手,在分析农业产业结构对农村经济增长作用的基础上,提出了农业产业结构调整在促进农业经济增长方面的应用策略.对我国农业经济的发展有一定的借鉴意义.     

基于输出系数模型的北京地区农业面源污染负荷估算

农业生产活动产生的面源污染物是环境污染负荷的主要来源之一。利用输出系数模型对北京市农业面源污染负荷进行了估算。结果表明,2006年北京市农业面源污染物总氮和总磷负荷量分别是19 565.7×106和2 413.1×106 g/a。土地利用方式显著影响氮和磷负荷,不同污染源类型对污染负荷贡献的差异较大。不同污染源类型对总氮污染负荷贡献率的大小顺序为农村生活污水及废弃物＞耕地＞林地＞畜禽养殖＞园地＞牧草地,对总磷负荷贡献率的大小顺序为农村生活污水及废弃物＞畜禽养殖＞耕地＞林地＞园地＞牧草地。各区县总氮和总磷负荷量和负荷强度的差异较大,其中大兴、顺义、房山、密云和通州的总氮和总磷负荷量较大,而朝阳、丰台、通州、顺义和大兴的总氮和总磷负荷强度较大。农业面源污染物氮和磷分布状况和负荷强度的研究,为北京地区区域规划和农业结构调整提供了科学依据。     

棉花渗透调节与蒸腾速率的日变化关系

大田正常供水条件下，随１ｄ内光照和温度增加，棉花叶水势及渗透势下降，最低水势为－１１．４巴，渗透势为－１４．２巴，其膨压值为２．８巴，表现出渗透调节作用。气孔导度在中午一段时间最高，而蒸腾速率最高点在１２∶００时，之后下降，表明水分胁迫下产生渗透调节作用，使叶片保水力增加，蒸腾减弱。Ｋ＋和可溶性糖变化，以渗透势下降最低时积累最多，是棉花干旱时主要的渗透调节物质。     

农户种植业结构调整的意愿及其影响因素分析——以环北京地区为例

通过对环北京地区140 km圈层以内(北京10个区县,河北25个县)50个村的490个农户进行随机调查分析,研究了该地区近年来农户种植业结构调整的意愿及其影响因素。结果表明,随着城市居民食品消费需求的变化,环北京地区农户种植业结构已经发生了相应的变化,选择种植蔬菜、水果和干果等高产值作物的农户越来越多。基于我国落后分散的小农经济基本国情和日益发达的交通运输条件,地理区位因素对农户种植业结构调整的影响逐渐减弱,而农户富裕程度、劳动力机会成本和国家相关政策在新的历史时期成为影响我国农户种植业结构调整选择的重要因素。     

多级提水过程中PLC对水泵叶片角度的控制

在贮水池的提水过程中，利用PLC自动控制水泵叶片角度的大小，从而自动控制排水量，达到节省人力和电能以及排水稳定的目的。     

Drought Stress in Grain Legumes during Reproduction and Grain Filling

Water scarcity is a major constraint limiting grain legume production particularly in the arid and semi‐arid tropics. Different climate models have predicted changes in rainfall distribution and frequent drought spells for the future. Although drought impedes the productivity of grain legumes at all growth stages, its occurrence during reproductive and grain development stages (terminal drought) is more critical and usually results in significant loss in grain yield. However, the extent of yield loss depends on the duration and intensity of the stress. A reduction in the rate of net photosynthesis, and poor grain set and grain development are the principal reasons for terminal drought‐induced loss in grain yield. Insight into the impact and resistance mechanism of terminal drought is required for effective crop improvement programmes aiming to improve resistance to terminal drought in grain legumes. In this article, the impact of terminal drought on leaf development and senescence, light harvesting and carbon fixation, and grain development and grain composition is discussed. The mechanisms of resistance, management options, and innovative breeding and functional genomics strategies to improve resistance to terminal drought in grain legumes are also discussed.     

干旱胁迫下不同水稻品种相关生理生化特性比较

以2个常规杂交稻品种秋优桂99、秋优1025为对照,对2个耐旱杂交稻品种旱优3号、培杂桂旱1号进行盆栽试验,在孕穗期后停止水分供应,进行干旱胁迫,探讨干旱胁迫对不同水稻品种保护酶系、电导率的影响.试验结果表明,干旱胁迫下, 不同水稻品种的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和电导率随着干旱的发生、发展,均呈一致上升趋势,在后期更加明显;随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,耐旱品种叶片中不同保护酶系均显著高于常规品种,而电导率却低于对照.说明耐旱水稻品种具有较强的酶促抗氧化能力和渗透调节能力,在干旱胁迫下较常规品种具有更强的适应能力.     

拖拉机前轮定位设计计算方法研究探讨

论述了拖拉机转向节立轴后倾的危害，建议取消立轴后倾，并研究探讨前轮外倾、前轮前束和立轴内倾的设计计算方法