Significant Nitrogen by Sulfur Interactions Occurred for Canola Grain Production and Oil Concentration in Grain on Sandy Soils in the Mediterranean-Type Climate of Southwestern Australia

The nitrogen (N) by sulfur (S) interaction for canola (Brassica napus L.) grain production and oil concentration in grain has been quantified in temperate climates, but it is not known if these results also apply to sandy soils common in the Mediterranean-type climate of southwestern Australia where canola is now a major crop. Seventeen field experiments were undertaken with canola in the region during 1994 to 2005 in which 4 rates of both N (0–138 kg N/ha) and S (0–34 kg S/ha) were applied. Significant grain yield responses to applied N occurred in all experiments and the responses increased as more S was applied. Grain yield responses to applied S only occurred when N was applied and tended to increase as more N was applied. When no S was applied the two largest rates of N applied, 69 and 138 kg N/ha, induced S deficiency reducing grain yields. The oil concentration in grain tended to decrease as more N was applied and increased as more S was applied, particularly when the two largest rates of N were applied. Consequently significant N × S interactions were obtained in all experiments for grain production and in 15 experiments for oil concentration in grain.     

ROOT ZONE TEMPERATURE INFLUENCES ZINC REQUIREMENT OF MAIZE CULTIVARS ON A CALCAREOUS LOAM SOIL

The zinc (Zn) requirement of a maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid (‘FHY-396’) and an indigenous variety (‘EV-7004’) was measured at low (22.4 ± 5°C) and high (28.8 ± 5°C) root-zone temperatures (RZT). Four Zn rates (0, 3, 9 and 27 mg kg^?1 soil) were applied to a calcareous loam soil in pots for the glasshouse study. Shoot and root dry matter yields were significantly more at the higher RZT. Regardless the RZT, maximum relative shoot dry matter yield in hybrid and variety was produced, respectively, at 9 and 3 mg Zn kg^?1 soil. Zinc concentration in roots and shoots of both the cultivars increased with Zn rates and it was significantly more at the higher RZT. Cultivars differed in critical Zn concentration (C_ZnC) required for maximum shoot dry matter yield. The C_ZnC ranged from 25 to 39 μg Zn g^?1 plant tissue for optimum growth of both the cultivars at low and high RZT.     

石灰性土壤交换性钙和镁测定方法的研究

石灰性土壤交换性盐基组成的测定,通行的方法是采用70%乙醇溶液反复洗盐,再经pH 8.50.1 mol L-1氯化铵-70%乙醇(CH3CH2OH)溶液进行多次交换处理,测定交换液中的K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+浓度。但此方法常常受操作步骤繁琐,以及土壤中碳酸盐的溶解量因多次浸提而增加的困扰,最终导致测定结果偏高。基于上述原因,选择不同浓度、不同pH的NH4OAc和NH4Cl 10种交换剂,对比分析10种交换剂中的碳酸盐溶解度和土壤交换性钙镁含量。结果表明,pH=8.5 1 mol L-1氯化铵-70%乙醇(CH3CH2OH)溶液较适合石灰性土壤交换性盐基的测定。此新方法是先经70%乙醇(CH3CH2OH)溶液洗盐,再用pH8.5 1 mol L-1氯化铵(NH4Cl)-70%乙醇(CH3CH2OH)溶液进行一次性交换处理,然后测定交换液的K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+浓度,简化了操作程序的同时有效抑制了土壤碳酸盐的溶解,降低了测定结果的偏差。     

长期定位施肥对灌漠土蔗糖酶活性的影响

为探讨长期不同施肥条件下土壤蔗糖酶活性的变化,对灌漠土小麦/玉米间作不同肥料长期定位试验地第26年耕层土壤蔗糖酶活性进行测定与分析。结果表明:长期定位施肥下,土壤蔗糖酶活性随作物生长而增强,在小麦灌浆至成熟期达到最大值,之后降低。不同肥料长期单施对土壤蔗糖酶活性的影响总体表现为:绿肥>秸秆>氮肥>农家肥>不施肥处理;2种不同肥料长期配施对土壤蔗糖酶活性的影响总体表现为绿肥+氮肥>绿肥+农家肥>秸秆+氮肥>农家肥+氮肥>农家肥+秸秆处理;2种以上肥料长期配施对土壤蔗糖酶活性的影响总体表现为绿肥+农家肥+秸秆+氮肥>绿肥+农家肥+氮肥>农家肥+秸秆+氮肥处理。单施绿肥,土壤蔗糖酶活性最强,有机肥配施无机肥比有机肥配施有机肥更能促进蔗糖酶活性的提高。全生育期土壤蔗糖酶活性与土壤有效磷质量分数呈显著正相关,与磷酸酶活性和脲酶活性呈显著负相关,与过氧化氢酶活性在间作小麦/玉米全生育期呈显著正相关。     

连续四年施用规模化猪场猪粪温室土壤重金属积累研究

分别采集连续施用0～4年猪粪的蔬菜温室土壤和蔬菜果实样品,测定土壤和果实中Cu、Zn、Pb、Mn、Cr、Cd、Ni和As全量以及土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Mn、Cd和As有效态含量,对测定数据进行了Fisher小样本非参数随机化显著水平检验,研究连续4年施用规模化猪场猪粪的温室土壤重金属积累、重金属有效态含量变化及对蔬菜可食部分的影响。结果表明,连续4年施用猪粪,主要导致土壤中Cu和Zn的积累,As有一定积累,Pb、Cd、Ni和Cr短期积累效应不明显,Mn积累不明显,长期大量施用猪粪,Pb、Cd、Ni和Cr有积累的风险;土壤pH值降低;Cu、Zn有效态与全量呈显著正相关(p<0.05),与pH值呈极显著负相关(p<0.01);Pb、Cd和Mn有效态与pH值呈显著负相关(p<0.05);Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Mn有效态含量增加;有效态As与全As含量和pH值相关性不明显,但连年施用猪粪As有效态含量增加;连续4年施用规模化猪场猪粪的温室生产的部分番茄和黄瓜As含量超标。若连续以150 m³/(hm²·a)的猪粪施用量于该研究区蔬菜温室,土壤中全Cu和全Zn含量分别经过10年和15年可能超过国家农田土壤二级标准。该研究可为降低温室土壤重金属污染风险提供依据。     

基于三维重建技术的坡面细沟侵蚀演变过程研究

作为黄土高原地区沟头溯源侵蚀和水流汇集发源地的梁峁坡面,在强降雨下其产流产沙对沟缘线以下坡面及沟道侵蚀有着重大影响。该研究根据野外实地考查构建5°～35°变坡段实体模型,进行6场间歇性人工模拟降雨试验,并借助基于三维重建技术的PhotoScan软件获取坡面DEM,将其侵蚀演化过程进行图形化、数字化,定性定量揭示其侵蚀形态演变特征。研究表明:1)梁峁坡面细沟侵蚀历经4个阶段:面蚀阶段,即产生一系列呈串珠状分布的侵蚀跌坑,宽度5～9 cm,深度1～4 cm;细沟形成阶段,由面蚀所产生的微小跌坑在径流作用下长、宽、深均不断增大,最大分别达到266、7.6、13.8cm;细沟网形成阶段,细沟出现分叉及联通,有明显流路;小切沟形成阶段,伴随沟壁崩塌、沟壁加宽和沟底下切,最大沟长及最大沟深较细沟形成时增大3倍以上。2)对比次降雨过程基于三维建模所计算侵蚀量与实测侵蚀量,第1场降雨试验因地表疏松颗粒较多导致实测侵蚀量比建模计算侵蚀量大而引起较大偏差(20.82%),其他场次偏差均在10%左右或以下,总体来说,该技术可以较好地应用于侵蚀发育过程的研究。该研究实现侵蚀演变关键过程图形化、数字化,有助于人们定性、定量了解和认识梁峁坡面侵蚀过程,且对于创新侵蚀过程研究方法亦具有实践指导价值。     

漳州市农业土壤重金属现状、分析及防治

调查漳州市农业土壤重金属Hg、As、Cr、Cd、Pb背景值及污染现状,调查结果,漳州市农业土壤重金属背景值相对较低。其现状为,Hg、As、Cd、Pb含量高于背景值1~4倍(Cr除外),特别是Hg和As为高污染元素。按土壤类型划分,水稻土土类重金属含量高于赤红壤土类(Hg除外);按土地利用方式划分,水田>菜地>果园;按流域划分,九龙江流域农业土壤重金属含量高于非九龙江流域(Cr除外)。污染源以农业污染为主,工业污染相对较轻。     

巨菌草根际土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性分析

[目的]研究福州平潭巨菌草根际土壤与非根际土壤微生物对不同碳源利用,明确巨菌草对根际土壤微生物功能多样性的影响,为巨菌草生态治理提供理论依据.[方法]在福州平潭基地采集巨菌草(Pennisetum giganteum)根际土和非根际土壤样品,采用Biolog-ECO技术研究巨菌草根际土与非根际土壤微生物对不同碳源利用特...     

Isolating the effect of soil properties on agricultural soil greenhouse gas emissions under controlled conditions

Agricultural soils are important sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Soil properties and environmental factors have complex interactions which influence the dynamics of these GHG fluxes. Four arable and five grassland soils which represent the range of soil textures and climatic conditions of the main agricultural areas in the UK were incubated at two different moisture contents (50 or 80% water holding capacity) and with or without inorganic fertiliser application (70 kg N ha⁻¹ ammonium nitrate) over 22 days. Emissions of N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ were measured twice per week by headspace gas sampling, and cumulative fluxes were calculated. Multiple regression modelling was carried out to determine which factors (soil mineral N, organic carbon and total nitrogen contents, C:N ratios, clay contents and pH) that best explained the variation in GHG fluxes. Clay, mineral N and soil C contents were found to be the most important explanatory variables controlling GHG fluxes in this study. However, none of the measured variables explained a significant amount of variation in CO₂ fluxes from the arable soils. The results were generally consistent with previously published work. However, N₂O emissions from the two Scottish soils were substantially more sensitive to inorganic N fertiliser application at 80% water holding capacity than the other soils, with the N₂O emissions being up to 107 times higher than the other studied soils.     

耕深对土壤物理性质及小麦-玉米产量的影响

为了解不同犁底层破除程度对黄淮海平原农田土壤蓄水保墒、穿透阻力动态变化及作物产量的影响,在山东德州试验基地以冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田为研究对象,设置4个犁底层厚度处理,分别为犁底层不破除(RT15)、犁底层破除1/3(DL20)、犁底层破除2/3(DL25)和犁底层完全破除(DL40)。结果表明:1)完全或者部分破除犁底层均能够显著降低10~30 cm土层容重和穿透阻力,各处理降低幅度具体表现为DL40DL25DL20RT15。2)DL20、DL25和DL40处理有利于增加降水或灌溉后水分入渗,冬小麦苗期20~70 cm土壤平均含水率分别较RT15处理提高5.3%、15.9%和23.6%,且冬小麦季耗水量分别较RT15处理提高4.9%、10.2%和11.6%;DL20、DL25和DL40处理夏玉米苗期20~70 cm土壤平均含水率分别较RT15处理提高7.7%、14.2%和15.8%,但夏玉米季耗水量分别较RT15处理降低5.8%、7.6%和10.5%。3)冬小麦季0~15和15~30 cm土层穿透阻力均表现为双峰型,且2土层受冻融作用影响各处理在越冬期达到穿透阻力峰值1 489.2~2 128.1和1 925.4~4 423.7 kPa;30~45 cm土层各处理穿透阻力变化规律在两季作物生长后期差异较大,冬小麦生长后期表现为DL40DL25DL20RT155,而夏玉米后期表现为DL40DL25DL20RT15。4)相对完全打破犁底层,部分打破犁底层更有利于提高水分利用效率,显著增加作物产量,DL25处理冬小麦和夏玉米产量分别较DL40处理增加4.2%和2.4%。综合考虑,DL25是目前相对较好的犁底层改良方式,此时犁底层厚度适当,既可节省农机能耗,又可兼有透水、增产效能。