基于水平吸渗确定土壤水分扩散率的解析-修正法

准确测试土壤水分扩散率是研究水分在土壤中运移的关键之一.针对水平吸渗法测试土壤水分扩散率易受边界效应影响的问题,该研究构建解析-修正法,以提高测试结果的精度.假设第一类边界条件下,一维水平入渗Richards方程解的形式与其对应线性化方程的解析解相似,结合常数变易法,推导了一维水平入渗Richards方程的近似解析解....     

紫色土坡耕地不同微地形地表汇流网络特征

为了揭示不同微地形汇流网络的特征,通过野外人工降雨模拟试验,结合近景摄影测量技术,在相同降雨历时下,提取并分析了 60,90,120 mm/h雨强下,连续凹陷、间隔凹陷、连续凸起、间隔凸起、凹凸相连、凹凸相间以及对照组7种微地形措施的汇流网络.结果表明:(1)7种微地形的汇流密度随集水面积阈值的增大而逐渐减小,间隔凹陷...     

覆盖方式对旱地马铃薯阶段耗水量特征和产量的影响

为明确不同覆盖方式对旱地马铃薯田土壤耗水、耗水规律、水分利用效率、产量及产量形成的影响,在陇中半干旱农区设置了玉米秸秆带状双行覆盖(SSM2)、玉米秸秆带状单行覆盖(SSM1)、玉米秸秆全覆盖(SFM)、地膜春覆盖(PMS)和地膜秋覆盖(PMA)5种覆盖方式,以传统露地平作为对照(CK)。结果表明:2年试验中,玉米秸秆带状覆盖和地膜覆盖处理土壤贮水消耗量较CK分别增加13.5,14.8 mm。玉米秸秆带状覆盖能显著提高降水对马铃薯耗水贡献率,不同降雨年型内均以SSM2处理贡献率最高,2年分别为95.6%和94.3%。于CK相比,覆盖处理均降低了生育前期(播种-块茎形成期)耗水量,地膜覆盖显著增加了生育中期(块茎形成期-淀粉积累期)耗水量,玉米秸秆带状覆盖显著增加了生育后期(淀粉积累期-收获期)的耗水量。玉米秸秆带状覆盖和地膜覆盖分别能使马铃薯干薯产量增加27.9%和24.2%,干薯水分利用效率提高23.1%和19.3%。综上可知,玉米秸秆带状覆盖处理能显著增加马铃薯生育时期内农田土壤贮水消耗量,并改善马铃薯生育前期和生育后期耗水,减少旱地马铃薯农田无效耗水,能显著提高马铃薯干薯产量和水分利用效率。     

森林土壤氧化亚氮排放对氮输入的响应研究进展

大气中氧化亚氮（N2O）浓度的上升加剧了全球变暖。森林土壤在调节大气N2O浓度中发挥着至关重要的作用。近年来,氮（N）输入对森林土壤N2O通量的影响备受关注。然而,森林土壤N2O排放对N输入响应的机制,尤其是植物和微生物对N2O通量的调控作用尚缺乏系统研究。因此,本文综述了N输入如何通过森林植被（根系N吸收、凋落物分解和形成丛枝菌根）和土壤微生物（微生物量和群落组成）调控N2O产生途径从而影响森林土壤N2O排放。结果表明,植物的竞争性氮吸收能降低氮输入对N2O排放的促进作用,其作用大小可能主要取决于土壤“氮饱和”状态。植物凋落物主要通过分解过程中的养分归还和次生代谢产物释放来影响氮输入背景下的森林土壤N2O排放,前者具有促进作用,而后者具有抑制作用。丛枝菌根主要通过吸收有效氮和水分、促进团聚体形成以及改变N2O相关功能基因群落调控森林土壤N2O通量。N输入导致的土壤酸化或养分限制,通常会降低微生物量和/或改变微生物群落组成,从而控制N2O排放。N输入对N2O不同产生途径也会造成影响,受土壤湿度、N2O底物浓度以及N2O相关功能基因丰度（AOB、 AOA、nirK、 nirS和nosZ）的调控。未来在模型预测中,需要将植物氮吸收、凋落物分解、菌根以及N2O产生途径充分纳入模型,以提高模型预测准确性,为全球变化背景下制订森林管理政策和温室气体减排措施提供支持。     

腐殖酸肥料射频真空干燥特性

为研究腐殖酸肥料射频真空干燥特性及品质,该研究探讨了不同极板间距（160、165 mm）、不同初始湿基含水率（10%、15%、20%）下腐殖酸肥料的升温速率和加热均匀性,在此基础上进行射频真空干燥试验,并以热风干燥试验为对照,采用Weibull函数拟合腐殖酸肥料射频真空干燥特性曲线,对比射频真空干燥与热风干燥对腐殖酸肥料颜色、总氮、总磷、总钾及有机质的影响。结果表明：真空度为0.085 MPa,极板间距为160 mm、初始湿基含水率为15%时,干燥速率和升温速率较快,加热均匀性较好;升温曲线在53 ℃出现拐点,53 ℃前升温较快,53 ℃后升温较慢;除含水率为20%的物料外,极板间距对加热均匀性影响不显著（P > 0.05）,但初始湿基含水率对其有显著影响（P<0.05）;射频真空干燥所需时间较热风干燥缩短约208 min,射频真空干燥可显著提高干燥速率（P<0.05）;Weibull函数能较好的拟合腐殖酸肥料射频真空干燥过程,尺度参数和形状参数随极板间距的减小而减小,随初始湿基含水率的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势;水分有效扩散系数,随极板间距的减小而增大,随初始湿基含水率的增加,呈先增大后减小的趋势;极板间距与初始湿基含水率总体上对腐殖酸肥料的色泽高度L*、红绿值a*、蓝黄值b*、总氮、总磷、总钾、有机质无显著影响（P>0.05）;65 ℃热风干燥后样品的色差值显著高于射频真空干燥（P<0.05）,总氮和有机质含量显著低于射频真空干燥（P<0.05）。在设置的试验条件下,腐殖酸肥料的较佳干燥参数为真空度0.085 MPa、极板间距160 mm、初始湿基含水率15%。研究结果可为腐殖酸肥料射频真空干燥应用提供参考。     

基于CSLE的湖北省土壤侵蚀时空变化特征

以湖北省为研究区,利用CSLE模型计算1990—2015年的土壤侵蚀模数,借助GIS空间分析方法揭示多时期土壤侵蚀的时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）湖北省主要为微度侵蚀,其次为轻度侵蚀,中度侵蚀及以上等级侵蚀所占面积较小,轻度侵蚀、中度侵蚀、强烈侵蚀、极强烈侵蚀和剧烈侵蚀面积25年间分别减少11 267.0,497.6,176.9,307.7,313.7 km²,减幅分别为27.39%,13.85%,11.79%,24.88%和56.04%。（2）总侵蚀面积先减再增后持续减少,其中极剧烈和剧烈侵蚀面积下降明显。侵蚀强度在不同时期的变化呈现空间异质性。1990—1995年、2000—2005年和2010—2015年土壤侵蚀以好转为主,土壤侵蚀强度降低区域1990—1995年集中在恩施、咸宁,1995—2000年集中在恩施、十堰,2000—2005年集中在神农架林区、宜昌市和秭归县周边,2005—2010年集中在黄冈和黄石市,2010—2015年集中在神农架林区和宜昌市;其中旱地与裸地好转情况最为明显。在1995—2000年和2005—2010年土壤侵蚀加剧,土壤侵蚀强度加剧区域1990—2000年集中在神农架局部地区,2000—2005年集中在十堰市,2005—2010年集中在竹溪县;2010—2015年集中在恩施市、宣恩县和鹤峰县,其中林地与旱地表现最为明显。土壤侵蚀主要变化区域表现在25年间,坡度<8°区域轻度以上等级侵蚀面积逐年增加,这与人类活动对地表负面扰动（生产建设项目、坡耕地农业生产、其他人类活动导致的土地利用类型转换）等主要集中在地形较为平缓的区域有很大关系。坡度在8°~35°区域轻度以上等级侵蚀面积明显减少,主要表现在退耕还林和水保工程治理的实施取得成效明显。     

Film fully-mulched ridge-furrow cropping affects soil biochemical properties and maize nutrient uptake in a rainfed semi-arid environment

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of plastic mulched ridge-furrow cropping on soil biochemical properties and maize (Zea mays L.) nutrient uptake in a semi-arid environment. Three treatments were evaluated from 2008 to 2010: no mulch (narrow ridges with crop seeded next to ridges), half mulch (as per no mulch, except narrow ridges were mulched), and full mulch (alternate narrow and wide ridges, all mulched with maize seeded in furrows). Compared to the no mulch treatment, full mulch increased maize grain yield by 50% in 2008 and 25% in 2010, but reduced yield by 21% in 2009 after low precipitation in early growth. Half mulch had a similar grain yield to no mulch in the three cropping years, suggesting half mulch is not an effective pattern for maize cropping in the area. Mulch treatments increased aboveground nitrogen (N) uptake by 21?34% and phosphorus (P) uptake by 21?42% in 2008, and by 16?32% and 14?29%, respectively, in 2010; but in 2009 mulching did not affect N uptake and decreased P uptake. Soil microbial biomass and activities of urease, β-glucosidase and phosphatase at the 0?15 cm depth were generally higher during vegetative growth but lower during reproductive growth under mulch treatments than no mulch. Mulching treatments increased carbon (C) loss of buried maize residues (marginally by 5?9%), and decreased light soil organic C (15?27%) and carbohydrate C (12?23%) concentrations and mineralizable C and N (8?36%) at harvest in the 0?20 cm depth compared with no mulch, indicating that mulching promotes mineralization and nutrient release in soil during cropping seasons. As a result of these biological changes, mineral N concentration under mulch was markedly increased after sowing in upper soil layers compared with no mulch. Therefore, our results suggest that mulched cropping stimulated soil microbial activity and N availability, and thus contributed to increasing maize grain yield and nutrient uptake compared with no mulch.     

Effects of long-term treatments of different organic fertilizers complemented with chemical N fertilizer on the chemical and biological properties of soils

Continuous cultivation has been known to decrease soil organic matter content. Application of organic matter to cultivated soil is an important practice from the point of view of maintaining an adequate amount of soil organic matter. Soil organic matter content significantly affects soil microbial activity, which is an important index of soil quality. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to examine the long-term effects of different kinds of organic matter in combination with inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer on chemical and biological properties of soils. There were seven treatments, namely (1) CK (without fertilization), (2) Chem-N (applying chemical N fertilizer only), (3) Comp (applying compost with the same rate of N as the Chem-N treatment), (4) Comp + l/3 N (applying compost complemented with 33% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment), (5) Comp + 2/3 N (applying compost complemented with 66% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment), (6) GM + 1/3 N (applying green manure complemented with 33% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment) and (7) Peat + 1/3 N (applying peat complemented with 33% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment). After continuous treatment for 12 years and with cultivation of 24 crops on the same area, soils were sampled for analyses of chemical and biological properties, enzymatic activities and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles. The results showed that compared with CK and Chem-N treatments, applications of compost and peat increased soil organic carbon (SOC) content and altered microbial activities and microbial community structure. However, application of green manure for 12 years had no effect on SOC content. Both microbial activities and PLFA profiles were clearly dependent on the characteristics of the applied organic amendments. In summary, a peat application led to the highest increase in SOC content compared to compost and green manure; however, compost-treated soil had a higher microbial population and higher microbial and enzyme activities, while the effects of both green manure and chemical N fertilizer on soil properties were similar.     

Long-Term Fertilization Effects on Rice Productivity and Nutrient Efficiency in Korean Paddy

ABSTRACT

Long-term fertilization tests evaluated rice (Oryza sativa) productivity in relation to application of nitrogen (N)-phosphorus (P)-potassium (K) (120-34.9-66.7 kg ha^{? 1}, respectively) during 1967–1972 and N-P-K (150-43.7-83.3 kg ha^{? 1}, respectively) during 1973–2000. The comparison treatments (NP, PK, and NK) and the control (not fertilized) were selected for calculating nutrient efficiency. Rice grain yield increased at a 17.78 kg ha^{? 1} yr^{? 1} in the control, mainly due to development of improved cultivars. Phosphorus management was found to be important for indigenous fertility and rice productivity in this paddy soil. Yield increased significantly with P fertilization. Without N fertilization (PK), rice productivity increased 56.85 kg ha^{? 1} yr^{? 1} from 62% of NPK at the initial stage to 74% after passing 34 years, which might be affected by increasing biological N fixation with P accumulation in soil. In NK treatment, rice yield increased at a relatively low rate (37.82 kg hr^{? 1} yr^{? 1}) from the same rice productivity with that of NPK in 1967 to 91% after 34 years. In comparison, yield increased at a high rate (62.82 kg hr^{? 1} yr^{? 1}) without K fertilization (NP) from ca. 90% of NPK and might exceed the yield of NPK after 64 years of long-term fertilization. Therefore, K fertilization level might be readjusted after long-term fertilizing in paddy soil.     

Inoculation of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Trees on M9 Rootstock with Azotobacter Improves Nutrient Uptake and Growth Indices

ABSTRACT

Roots of young ‘Golden Delicious’ apple on M9 rootstock were inoculated with four strains of Azotobacter chroococcum, which were isolated from various soils. Effects of these strains in combination with different levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer and compost on plant growth and nutrient uptake were studied over two seasons. Therefore, a factorial arrangement included four strains of A. chroococcum, two levels of N-fertilizer (0 and 35 mg N kg^?1soil of ammonium nitrate) and two levels of compost (0 and 12 g kg^?1 soil of air-dried vermicompost). Among the four strains, AFA₁₄₆ was the most beneficial strain, as it increased leaf area, leaf potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and boron (B) uptake and root N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), Mn, and Zn. The combination of AFA₁₄₆ strain, compost and N fertilizer increased leaf uptake of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and B, and root uptake of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and copper (Cu), and root dry weight.