黄河三角洲盐地碱蓬对镉的吸收富集特征

为明确调水调沙背景下碱蓬对Cd污染的吸收富集特征，本研究以该区主要潜在生态风险因子镉（Cd）为切入点，利用温室栽培实验，分析了Cd输入对碱蓬生物量、Cd含量、富集系数及转移系数的影响。结果表明：少量的Cd输入（≤4.0 mg/kg）时碱蓬生物量高于对照，并在2.0 mg/kg处理时总生物量、茎和叶生物量取得最大值，而过高的Cd输入（>5.0 mg/kg）时生物量低于对照；随着Cd输入的增加，碱蓬根、茎及叶中Cd含量呈现增加趋势，而Cd富集系数则呈现先增高后降低的变化趋势，且在Cd输入量为2.0 mg/kg时，富集系数取得最大值（42.67、4.82和6.18）；整体上碱蓬根是富集Cd主要部位，但在低水平Cd输入（0.0 mg/kg和1.0 mg/kg）时，茎和叶部转运系数大于高水平Cd输入，表现出较强富集作用。以上结果表明碱蓬能有效富集土壤中的Cd元素，且在一定范围内碱蓬的富集能力随着Cd输入的增加而增加，但是过高的Cd浓度输入会抑制碱蓬的Cd富集能力。     

Soil organic matter decline and compositional change associated with cereal cropping in southern Tanzania

The spatial analogue method and ¹³C analytical techniques were used to reveal medium‐ to long‐term changes in soil organic matter (SOM) in farmers' fields under maize in southern Tanzania. Aerial photography and detailed farmer interviews were used to relate land‐use history to declines in SOM concentration and changes in composition. The research attempted to measure the rate of SOM decline and the extent to which farmers' residue management practice was allowing cereal residues to contribute to SOM. The combination of research methods employed in this study proved to be highly complementary. Results indicate that native SOM decreased by on average 50 per cent; after 25 years of cultivation. Under current residue management with cereal residues mostly grazed and burnt there is only a relatively modest contribution from cereal residues to SOM. When cereal residues are retained in the field it is likely they will contribute significantly to SOM but they are much less likely to build SOM in the medium to long term. The paper concludes that in many situations it is probably best for farmers to allow the majority of the residues to be eaten by cattle in these systems rather than attempt to build SOM or risk nitrogen immobilization in cropped fields. The greater importance of inputs of high‐quality (e.g. legume) residues for nutrient supply in the short term is highlighted, in contrast to inputs of poor‐quality (e.g. cereal) residues in an attempt to build SOM in the longer term. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.