太行和吕梁山区大豆生态型间差异比较

选择山西省西部吕梁山和东部太行山区及二者过渡带平川盆地农家大豆资源50份进行了生态型间差异比较研究,结果表明:吕梁山旱地大豆生态型以高度抗旱类型为主;子粒椭圆和扁圆粒型居多数,小粒型为主;种皮黄色为主,保持一定比率种皮深色类型;开花迟,开花时期平均48.2 d,生育期149.0 d;紫花,无限结荚型;株高99.3 cm,分枝数5.8个,半匍匐型。太行山旱地大豆生态型以中高抗旱类型较多;子粒圆粒中大粒居多数;种皮青色或黄色;开花迟,开花时期平均25.9 d,生育期平均135.6 d;白花,无限结荚为主;株高71.0 cm,分枝数4.4个,半直立型。平川旱地大豆生态型以中大圆粒居多,种皮黄色,开花早,开花时期平均33.7 d,生育期128.9 d,白花,亚有限与无限结荚习性兼有,株高58.2 cm,分枝数2.7个,直立型。     

Water consumption in summer maize and winter wheat cropping system based on SEBAL model in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,China

Crop consumptive water use is recognized as a key element to understand regional water management performance. This study documents an attempt to apply a regional evapotranspiration model(SEBAL) and crop information for assessment of regional crop(summer maize and winter wheat) actual evapotranspiration(ET a) in Huang-Huai-Hai(3H) Plain, China. The average seasonal ET a of summer maize and winter wheat were 354.8 and 521.5 mm respectively in 3H Plain. A high-ET a belt of summer maize occurs in piedmont plain, while a low ET a area was found in the hill-irrigable land and dry land area. For winter wheat, a high-ET a area was located in the middle part of 3H Plain, including low plain-hydropenia irrigable land and dry land, hill-irrigable land and dry land, and basin-irrigable land and dry land. Spatial analysis demonstrated a linear relationship between crop ET a, normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI), and the land surface temperature(LST). A stronger relationship between ET a and NDVI was found in the metaphase and last phase than other crop growing phase, as indicated by higher correlation coefficient values. Additionally, higher correlation coefficients were detected between ET a and LST than that between ET a and NDVI, and this significant relationship ran through the entire crop growing season. ET a in the summer maize growing season showed a significant relationship with longitude, while ET a in the winter wheat growing season showed a significant relationship with latitude. The results of this study will serve as baseline information for water resources management of 3H Plain.     

秦川牛抽样遗传检测报告

在陕西省关中平原,用系统随机整群抽样方法以3个系统9个地域群(共224头)的6个血液蛋白、6个毛色位点的基因频率、7种外形特征的表型频率,检测了产区1988年秦川牛群体(共642913头)的遗传结构。肯定了秦川牛具有中国黄牛的典型特征。列表详示了各频率值及其估计可靠性、精确度的参数。     

辽河下游平原区水稻需水量和需水规律试验研究

根据辽河下游平原区台安径流实验站2003—2004年的水稻灌溉试验结果,对比分析水稻各生长期的需水量,研究水稻不同生长期的需水规律,有利于水稻的种植与节水灌溉,提高效率,达到既节水又增产的目的,更为制订节水灌溉制度和实现区域水资源的可持续利用提供基础支撑。     

浅析三江平原冰雪季节降水特征

利用1951 ～2012年三江平原佳木斯降水观测资料,采用统计分析方法,分析冰雪季节降水的变化特征.结果表明,佳木斯近62年平均降水量为532.1 mm,呈明显的下降趋势,减少速率为9.41 mm/10a,主要由于夏季降水减少造成的,冰雪季节、春季和冬季反而呈升高趋势,1、2、3、4、11、12月降水量均呈升高趋势;20世纪50、60和80年代降水比多年平均值偏多,其余年代偏少;冬季和春季50年代和21世纪前12年降水充沛、明显偏多,其余年代均偏少,其中2010年春季春涝增多91.6％,1970年春旱减少87.1％;秋季50、70和90年代偏多,其余年代偏少.各时段不同等级年降水日数气候倾向率≥0.1 mm和≥1.0mm呈减少趋势,大强降水有增多趋势,各年代各等级降水日数距平50年代均为正距平,70年代均为负距平;其余年代变化不大.50 ～ 70年代降雪日数少,但积雪时间长,降雪的初终日数也偏多.     

江汉平原农村饮水安全指数评价研究

根据江汉平原的地域特征,建立了农村饮水安全指数评价指标体系。运用模糊层次分析法得出各指标的主观权重,通过偏差矩阵,调整模糊判断矩阵,并检验矩阵的一致性;运用熵值法计算各指标的客观权重;建立基于最小二乘法的优化组合权重模型,求出组合权重,并得出江汉平原10个县（市）农村饮水安全指数的综合评价值和等级隶属度,结果表明江汉平原农村饮水安全指数非常低。最后强调了农村饮水安全的公共物品特征．认为政府的强力介入是保证农村饮水安全的关键．     

保护性耕作技术推广过程中农民的认知现状及存在的问题

保护性耕作具有保水、保土等良好的生态效益,已成为可持续农业的重要支撑技术。为了解华北平原保护性耕作在生产和推广过程中农户对保护性耕作的认知情况,在河南省保护性耕作推广示范地区进行农户一对一的问卷调查,以期为保护性耕作技术的完善及技术推广提供依据及指导。分析结果显示,在保护性耕作推广地区,农户普遍接受了保护性耕作模式,玉米的免耕技术和秸秆还田技术得到了大面积的应用,83%的农户对保护性耕作持肯定态度,认为可以培肥地力,保持水土。农户接受保护性耕作主要通过技术推广部门的田间指导,占总数的74%,也多希望通过这种方式进行新技术推广。大部分农户认为秸秆过多、病虫害增加和产量不稳等是限制保护性耕作推广和应用的重要因素,可以通过农机农艺结合、加强政府扶持、选育优良品种和改进配套技术等措施促进保护性耕作技术的发展和推广。     

Temperature and Precipitation Suitability Evaluation for the Winter Wheat and Summer Maize Cropping System in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China

The Huang-Huai-Hai Plain is the most important winter wheat and maize production region in China. In response to the increasing population pressure, the Chinese authorities strongly invested in improving the irrigation systems and increasing ground and surface water exploitation within the plain to increase the crop productivity. This resulted in a reduction of water resource availability and in turn indirectly affected the suitability of various agricultural ecosystems in the plain. The main purpose of this study was to review the suitability of temperature and precipitation for the winter wheat and summer maize cropping system in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, in order to provide a preliminary irrigation scheme. This analysis provides a first attempt to enhance the water resource management as well as to increase the water use efficiency. For this aim, a GIS-based multicriteria analysis procedure has been developed consisting of (1) definition of objectives (evaluated entities) and database building; (2) definition of evaluation criteria; (3) standardization of the criteria; (4) combination of the criteria; (5) classification of the objectives; and (6) integration of the objectives. The land suitability classification maps were transformed into maps of required irrigation amounts for each growing stage of the winter wheat and summer maize cropping system. The study also exemplified the limitations and proposed future research activities that will improve the detail and accuracy of the evaluation results.     

沼泽湿地土壤氮矿化对温度变化及冻融的响应

通过室内控制培养试验方法,研究了不同温度和冻融循环过程对沼泽湿地土壤有机氮矿化影响.结果表明,湿地土壤中无机氮以铵态氮为主,温度和培养时间显著影响土壤有机氮的矿化,在温度-25～30℃之间,N的矿化速率、硝化速率随温度增加而增加,30℃时矿化速率(1.17mg·k-1·d-1)和硝化速率(0.79mg·k-1·d-1)最大.沼泽湿地土壤有机氮矿化培养时间以4～5周较为适宜.冻结温度和冻融次数显著影响土壤有机氮矿化过程,且-25～5℃冻融循环比-5～5℃冻融循环矿化累积量高.冻融循环促进了土壤有机氮的矿化,有利于土壤中有效氮的累积,为春季植物生长提供足够的氮素,对维持生态系统稳定有重要意义.     

高标准农田建设对耕地质量的影响及灌排指标的贡献

为研究高标准农田建设对耕地质量等级的影响及灌排条件等各指标的贡献,以位于淮北平原的安徽省宿州市泗县为研究区域,基于ArcGIS、县域耕地资源管理信息系统等软件平台,运用特尔斐法进行相关指标权重及隶属度的确定,研究高标准农田建设对耕地质量等级的影响及灌排评价指标的贡献。结果表明,项目区内高标准农田建设前平均耕地质量等级为4.01,高标准农田建设后,平均耕地质量等级提升至2.93,耕地质量等级提升1.08,区域内低产田全部消除。高标准农田建成后,灌溉能力为充分满足和满足的耕地面积占比分别增加7.91、19.64个百分点,灌溉能力提升使耕地质量综合等级提升0.25;排水能力为充分满足和满足的耕地面积占比分别增加35.13、27.33个百分点,排水能力提升使耕地质量综合等级提升0.31。研究表明,高标准农田建设有效改善了灌排条件,使项目区内低产田全部消除,高产田面积占比明显增加,提升了耕地质量等级,其中灌排指标对耕地质量等级提升的作用最大,贡献率达51.85%。