宁夏引黄灌区农田退水回灌对土壤盐分影响的试验研究

在小麦整个生育期内,在相同灌水定额条件下,设置4种不同灌溉方式进行对比分析研究.采用退水回灌,在一定时间内会增加0～30 cm的土壤盐分,尤其对0～20 cm的土层影响较大,对其他层次的影响随着深度的加大而减小;在拔节期和灌浆期,连续使用退水灌溉会使春小麦减产,只在拔节期使用退水回灌能够增产.     

黄河上游大柳树-沙坡头河段河床变形数值模拟

对黄河宁夏境内具有连续弯道的大柳树一沙坡头河段的泥沙运移及河床变形等进行了平面二维数值模拟研究．建立了修正的平面二维RNGκ-ε紊流泥沙数学模型,其中水流模块采用修正的RNGκ-ε紊流模型,泥沙模块采用全沙模型,考虑了不同粒径组悬移质和推移质运移对河床变形的影响。数值模拟结果与实测结果比较吻合。表明该模型可以用于模拟具有连续弯道的多沙河流泥沙运移及河床演变过程;在4种典型工况下分别进行了数值模拟,研究了不同水沙条件对水沙运移及河床变形的影响;吸取了关于泥沙数学模型中水流模块和泥沙模块的耦合式算法和分离式算法的优点,建立了一种半耦合算法,其计算量比耦合式算法大大减小,计算精度上比分离式算法要高。     

宁夏引黄灌区滴灌水肥一体化冬小麦灌溉施肥技术研究

采用2因素3水平正交试验和对比分析了宁夏引黄灌区典型区域内滴灌条件下冬小麦返青后灌溉制度。研究表明：滴灌水肥一体化可以有效的提高冬小麦对水分和养分的吸收,且表层土壤含水率、EC、pH值呈锯齿状变化。冬小麦产量和株高随着灌溉量和灌溉次数的增多而增大,灌溉量和灌溉次数对冬小麦产量呈极显著和显著影响;在滴灌水肥一体化时,冬小...     

Influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes based on rainfall simulation experiments

Aeolian-fluvial interplay erosion regions are subject to intense soil erosion and are of particular concern in loess areas of northwestern China.Understanding the composition,distribution,and transport processes of eroded sediments in these regions is of considerable scientific significance for controlling soil erosion.In this study,based on laboratory rainfall simulation experiments,we analyzed rainfall-induced erosion processes on sand-covered loess slopes(SS)with different sand cover patterns(including length and thickness)and uncovered loess slopes(LS)to investigate the influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes in case regions of aeolian-fluvial erosion.The grain-size curves of eroded sediments were fitted using the Weibull function.Compositions of eroded sediments under different sand cover patterns and rainfall intensities were analyzed to explore sediment transport modes of SS.The influences of sand cover amount and pattern on erosion processes of loess slopes were also discussed.The results show that sand cover on loess slopes influences the proportion of loess erosion and that the compositions of eroded sediments vary between SS and LS.Sand cover on loess slopes transforms silt erosion into sand erosion by reducing splash erosion and changing the rainfall-induced erosion processes.The percentage of eroded sand from SS in the early stage of runoff and sediment generation is always higher than that in the late stage.Sand cover on loess slopes aggravates loess erosion,not only by adding sand as additional eroded sediments but also by increasing the amount of eroded loess,compared with the loess slopes without sand cover.The influence of sand cover pattern on runoff yield and the amount of eroded sediments is larger than that of sand cover amount.Furthermore,given the same sand cover pattern,a thicker sand cover could increase sand erosion while a thinner sand cover could aggravate loess erosion.This difference explains the existence of intense erosion on slopes that are thinly covered with sand in regions where aeolian erosion and fluvial erosion interact.     

Linking watershed and microhabitat characteristics: effects on production of Atlantic salmonids (Salmo salar and Salmo trutta)

The spatial scale of environmental factors influencing population dynamics ranges from microhabitat to continental or even global scales. Integration of multiple spatial scales is important in order to understand links between environmental variation and population processes. In the present study, we investigate how multiscale drivers influence the production of stream‐rearing Atlantic salmonids (Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. and brown trout, Salmo trutta L.) measured in terms of abundance. Variation in juvenile production was studied using data from single‐pass electrofishing surveys (measured as biomass per m²) from nine rivers. These data were combined with habitat data ranging from an important in‐stream microhabitat variable (shelter availability) to properties of the catchment. Variation in productivity within and among rivers was affected by both properties of in‐stream habitat and catchment properties. Shelter availability and the proportion of the catchment consisting of cultivated land and lakes influenced biomass positively, while catchment area had the opposite effect. For a different set of rivers (N = 20), river gradient and catchment area were shown to positively affect the amount of shelter. Finally, the variables identified in the two preceding analysis were included in the analysis of population productivity using catch statistics from 160 rivers. The proportion of cultivated land and lakes, estimated shelter availability were found to have positive effects. In addition, temperature had a positive effect, while river width had a negative effect. This study shows that combining multiple‐scale environmental factors can explain a substantial proportion of variation in population productivity among and within the populations of Atlantic salmonids.     

糙米发芽前含水率提升工艺优化

糙米发芽前的吸水过程是导致籽粒裂纹的根本原因,制约着发芽糙米品质和口感。为降低发芽前糙米裂纹增率,探究了完整吸湿区间内各含水率水平糙米的最优吸湿速率。将糙米初始含水率至发芽含水率的完整区间分为若干子区间,在各区间内以不同加湿速率加湿至该区间目标含水率。探究各区间内裂纹增率的变化规律,建立裂纹增率与加湿速率变化规律的数学模型,以低裂纹增率为目标确定最优加湿速率。在此基础上,得出完整区间内以低裂纹增率及高效率为目标的加湿速率数学模型并试验验证。与前期分段加湿工艺相比,本优化工艺可降低发芽前糙米和发芽糙米裂纹增率(41.48±0.15)%和(43.67±0.26)%,糙米发芽率和γ-氨基丁酸含量增加(6.92±0.25)%和(25.03±0.18)%,为高品质发芽糙米的生产方法提供参考。     

长期施有机肥对耕地棕壤团聚体及钙素分布的影响

为了探明施有机肥对耕地棕壤团聚体及钙素分布的影响,以长期定位施肥近30年的耕地棕壤为研究对象,采用干筛法进行土壤团聚体分级,系统研究了单施有机肥及有机肥配施氮磷肥对耕地棕壤团聚体及不同形态钙素分布的影响。结果表明:与不施肥对照相比,施有机肥可增加1~2mm粒级团聚体含量,且随有机肥施入量的增加而增加,最高增加了66.68%;与单施有机肥相比,配施氮磷肥则降低了1~2mm粒级团聚体含量;与对照相比,单施及配施有机肥均降低了0.25~1 mm粒级团聚体含量,降幅最高达15.20%。单施及配施有机肥均提高了全土的全钙含量,其中单施高于配施,最高为施高量有机肥处理,增幅达11.67%;单施有机肥处理以1~2 mm粒级团聚体的全钙含量最高,配施氮磷肥后以0.053~0.25mm的最高;与对照相比,单施及配施有机肥均增加了各粒级团聚体水溶性钙含量;单施有机肥提高了土壤交换性钙含量,配施氮磷肥却相反;单施及配施有机肥处理均增加了全土酸溶性钙含量。相关性分析显示,耕地棕壤各级团聚体的全钙含量是影响各形态钙素分布的重要因素。因此,长期施有机肥不仅增加了耕地棕壤较大粒级团聚体含量,且可增加较大粒级团聚体的钙素含量。     

外源氮输入对黄河口碱蓬湿地土壤碳氮含量动态的影响

2014年4—11月,选择黄河入海口北部滨岸高潮滩的碱蓬湿地为研究对象,基于野外原位氮输入模拟试验,研究了不同氮输入梯度下(N0,无氮输入;N1,低氮输入;N2,中氮输入;N3,高氮输入)湿地土壤碳氮含量动态特征及其差异。结果表明,不同氮输入处理下土壤的SOC、TN、NH_4~+—N和NO_3~-—N含量整体上均随着土层深度的增加而逐渐降低,各土层的SOC和NO_3~-—N含量在N2处理最高,而TN和NH_4~+—N含量在N3处理最高。尽管不同氮输入处理并未改变湿地土壤中TN和NH_4~+—N含量的动态变化模式,但随氮负荷增强二者含量均呈增加趋势。不同的氮输入处理明显改变了土壤中SOC和NO_3~-—N的动态变化模式,适量氮输入(N1和N2)明显提高了土壤中的NO_3~-—N含量,过量氮输入(N3)则不利于NO_3~-—N的累积;不同氮输入处理下(特别是N2和N3处理)湿地表层土壤(0—20cm)的SOC含量在7月中旬后远大于N0处理(P0.05),说明持续的氮输入可能不利于表层土壤中SOC的转化。研究发现,当未来黄河口湿地氮养分达到N1和N2水平时将有利于土壤氮矿化,而这将使得土壤氮养分的供给更为充足;但氮负荷持续增强可能使土壤表层的SOC转化受到抑制,而这将有助于提升土壤的储碳功能。     

Characterization,phylogenetic analyses and pathogenicity of Bipolaris setariae associated with brown stripe disease on sugarcane in Yunnan,China

Brown stripe disease is a severe foliar fungal disease of sugarcane worldwide and is widespread in all sugarcane planting areas in China. Brown stripe is a major disease that seriously affects the output and quality of the sugarcane industry in Yunnan Province, China's second-largest sugar base, while the pathogen of this disease remains not yet fully understood. To address this, we isolated and identified the fungi associated with 68 leaf samples showing typical symptoms of brown stripe from 22 sugarcane varieties in different areas of Yunnan Province. A total of 113 isolates were obtained, which were morphologically similar. Of these, 64 representative isolates were sequenced for the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), GAPDH and EF-1α loci. All representative isolates grouped with the type strain of Bipolaris setariae in the phylogenetic trees inferred with individual and concatenated sequences of ITS, GAPDH and EF1-α. Pathogenicity test results showed that B. setariae strains were able to induce typical symptoms of brown stripe. The results obtained in this study clarify that only B. setariae is associated with sugarcane brown stripe in Yunnan, China. It is recorded here for the first time as a pathogen causing sugarcane brown stripe in Yunnan, and it is able to infect many major cultivars and new varieties, posing a new threat to the sugar industry in Yunnan Province. In addition, these results provide the scientific basis for the future breeding of disease-resistant varieties and effective prevention and control of sugarcane brown stripe disease.     

Development of Stem-base Pathogens on Different Cultivars of Winter Wheat Determined by Quantitative PCR

The progress of development of stem-base pathogens in crops of second winter wheat was plotted in nine experiments in three years. The amount of each pathogen present was determined by quantitative PCR. Where Tapesia yallundae was present in quantifiable amounts, it usually developed earlier than the other eyespot pathogen, T. acuformis. Both species were usually present in greater amounts on cultivars which are more susceptible to eyespot. The sharp eyespot pathogen, Rhizoctonia cerealis, developed more erratically than either of the Tapesia spp. and there were no consistent effects on different cultivars. Fusarium spp., the cause of brown foot rot, were rarely present in quantifiable amounts, but Microdochium nivale was usually present as one or both of the varieties nivale and majus. Late-season (after anthesis) decreases in M. nivale suggest that any brown foot rot symptoms attributable to this fungus would have fully developed earlier. Cultivar differences in amounts of M. nivale were most clear in stems during internode extension and when relatively large amounts of DNA were present. Such differences approximately reflected eyespot susceptibility, cv. Soissons containing most and cv. Lynx containing least DNA. The results emphasise the difficulty in relating diagnoses, by quantitative PCR or other means, at early growth stages when decisions to apply fungicides against stem-base disease are made, to later disease severity.