Comparative analysis of genetic effects of wheat‐Dasypyrum villosum translocations T6V#2S·6AL and T6V#4S·6DL

Wheat‐Dasypyrum villosum translocations T6V#2S·6AL and T6V#4S·6DL, carriers of Pm21 and PmV, respectively, confer high resistance to wheat powdery mildew. For better understanding of the difference in genetic effect between them, a RIL population was constructed based on the cross between “Yangmai 18” carrying T6V#2S·6AL and “Yangmai 22” carrying T6V#4S·6DL. Analysis of distribution of the translocations showed that T6V#2S·6AL is much more transmittable than T6V#4S·6DL. By comparing their effects on main agronomic traits, we firstly found that T6V#2S·6AL contributes greatly to top spikelet fecundity, but causes a decrease of 6.7%–10.5% of spike number. No stable effects of T6V#4S·6DL on agronomic traits were found, except for positive effect on plant height. Excitingly, a new recombinant, T6V#4S‐6V#2S·6AL carrying PmV, was screened and proved to have a higher transmission rate than the original translocation T6V#4S·6DL, which will greatly promote the utilization of PmV. The above conclusions of this research will provide important guidance for utilization of Pm21 and PmV more effectively, in wheat powdery mildew resistance breeding.     

Development and characterization of common wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium translocation lines with resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus

We developed some wheat-Th. intermedium translocation lines,Yw642, Yw443 and Yw243, etc., showing good BYDV resistance from L1by induced homoeologous pairing using CS ph mutant. Characterization ofthese wheat lines was carried out by GISH and RFLP analysis. The resultsof GISH showed that the lines, YWw42, Yw443 and Yw243, etc., arehomozygous wheat-Th. intermedium translocation lines, in which thechromosome segments of Th. intermedium were transferred to thedistal end of a pair of wheat chromosomes. RFLP analysis indicated that thetranslocation chromosome of the wheat lines is T7DS · 7DL-7XL. Thebreakpoint of the translocation is located on the distal end of 7DL, betweenXpsr965 and Xpsr680 about 90–99 cm from the centromere. The BYDVgene is located on the distal end of 7XL around Xpsr680, Xpsr687 andXwg380. The RFLP markers of psr680, psr687 and wg380 werecosegregated with the BYDV resistance respectively and could be used formolecular assisted selection (MAS) in wheat breeding program for BYDVresistance.     

Effects of the 7DL.7Ag translocation from Lophopyrum elongatum on wheat yield and related morphophysiological traits under different environments

The 7DL.7Ag translocation from Lophopyrum elongatum that carries Lr19, a leaf rust resistance gene, was found to be associated with a significant increase in grain yield under irrigated, disease‐free conditions, but a generally lower yield under moisture stress conditions. These studies, however, involved a limited number of genetic recipients and environments, and the effect of the translocation on physiological traits was not considered. We examined the translocation effect in six different recipient genotypes and under five environmental conditions, including drought and heat stress. The increase in grain yield under irrigated conditions was associated with a higher rate of biomass production in the 7DL.7Ag lines and may be attributed to higher sink strength. Effect of the translocation on physiological traits was noted only under heat stress and was not associated with difference in yield. Under moisture stress conditions, 7DL.7Ag lines yielded less than their corresponding recipients, possibly because of a longer growing cycle. It is concluded that the effect of the 7DL. 7Ag translocation may very much depend on the phenological adaptation of the recipient genotype and the translocation may be useful for enhancing yield, mainly under favourable conditions.     

夏播大豆品种的生育期特性与农艺性状的关系分析

从 339个大豆品种中选取生育期小于 1 0 0d的 1 0 3个品种进行生育期结构特性与农艺性状的分析。结果表明 :①R1最长的为华北品种 ,最短的为外国品种 ;②R7最长的为东北品种 ,最短的为南方品种 ;③R1与生育前期即营养生长阶段 ,高纬地区长于低纬地区 ;R7与生育后期即生殖生长阶段 ,低纬地区长于高纬地区 ;④R1、生育前期长的品种 ,单株荚数、单株粒数多 ,株高较高 ;R7、生育后期长的品种 ,百粒重高 ;⑤筛选出一批对光温不敏感的品种     

基于多种深度学习算法的田间玉米籽粒检测与计数

为快速准确获取玉米收获过程中遗失籽粒数信息,进行收割损失调节等管理,对比评估了单阶段和两阶段主流目标检测网络对田间玉米籽粒计数的性能。首先,利用RGB相机获取包含不同背景和不同光照的图像数据,并进一步生成数据集;其次,构建籽粒识别的不同目标检测网络,包括Mask R-CNN、EfficientDet-D5、YOLOv5-L、YOLOX-L,并利用所采集的420幅有效图像对构建的四种网络进行训练、验证、测试,图像数分别为200、40和180幅;最后,依据测试集图像的识别结果进行籽粒计数性能评价。试验结果表明,YOLOv5-L网络对测试集图像检测的平均精度为78.3%,模型尺寸仅为89.3 MB;籽粒计数的检测正确率、漏检率和F₁值分别为90.7%、9.3%和91.1%,处理速度为55.55 f/s,识别与计数性能均优于Mask R-CNN、EfficientDet-D5和YOLOX-L网络,并对具有不同地表遮挡程度和籽粒聚集状态的图像具有较强的鲁棒性。深度学习目标检测网络YOLOv5-L可实现实际作业中玉米收获损失籽粒的实时监测,精度高、适用性强。     

基于改进YOLOv5s和多模态图像的树上毛桃检测

毛桃等果实的准确检测是实现机械化、智能化农艺管理的必要前提。然而,由于光照不均和严重遮挡,在果园中实现毛桃,尤其是套袋毛桃的检测一直面临着挑战。本研究基于改进YOLOv5s和多模态视觉数据提出了面向机械化采摘的毛桃多分类准确检测。具体地,构建了一个多类标签的裸桃和套袋毛桃的RGB-D数据集,包括4127组由消费级RGB-D相机获取的像素对齐的彩色、深度和红外图像。随后,通过引入方向感知和位置敏感的注意力机制,提出了改进的轻量级YOLOv5s（小深度）模型,该模型可以沿一个空间方向捕捉长距离依赖,并沿另一个空间方向保留准确的位置信息,提高毛桃检测精度。同时,通过将卷积操作分解为深度方向的卷积与宽度、高度方向的卷积,使用深度可分离卷积在保持模型检测准确性的同时减少模型的计算量、训练和推理时间。实验结果表明,使用多模态视觉数据的改进YOLOv5s模型在复杂光照和严重遮挡环境下,对裸桃和套袋毛桃的平均精度（Mean Average Precision,mAP）分别为98.6%和88.9%,比仅使用RGB图像提高了5.3%和16.5%,比YOLOv5s提高了2.8%和6.2%。在套袋毛桃检测方面,改进YOLOv5s的mAP比YOLOX-Nano、PP-YOLO-Tiny和EfficientDet-D0分别提升了16.3%、8.1%和4.5%。此外,多模态图像、改进YOLOv5s对提升自然果园中的裸桃和套袋毛桃的准确检测均有贡献,所提出的改进YOLOv5s模型在检测公开数据集中的富士苹果和猕猴桃时,也获得了优于传统方法的结果,验证了所提出的模型具有良好的泛化能力。最后,在主流移动式硬件平台上,改进后的YOLOv5s模型使用五通道多模态图像时检测速度可达每秒19幅,能够实现毛桃的实时检测。上述结果证明了改进的YOLOv5s网络和含多类标签的多模态视觉数据在实现果实自动采摘系统视觉智能方面的应用潜力。     

基于改进YOLOv3网络模型的茶草位置检测算法

精准高效的茶草识别是智能茶园植保机械进行除草工作的关键。针对目前茶园除草智能化程度较低等问题,提出改进YOLOv3网络模型的茶草检测算法。首先,分季节和时间段,在多个茶叶品种的种植园中以自适应的距离和角度采集茶草混合图像并建立试验数据集。接着,使用K均值聚类算法重新设计先验锚框尺度。然后,以YOLOv3网络模型为基础,选取17×17的网格划分图像区域;采用残差网络（ResNet）作为主干网;加入过程提取层,增强草株检测性能。最后在原损失函数中引入广义交并比损失。通过消融试验和不同目标检测算法对比试验验证此改进算法对茶树与杂草的检测效果。试验结果表明,改进 YOLOv3网络模型对杂草的检测精确率和召回率分别为85.34%和91.38%,对茶树的检测精确率和召回率最高达到82.56%和90.12%;与原YOLOv3网络模型相比,检测精确率提高8.05%,并且每秒传输帧数达到52.83 Hz,是Faster R-CNN网络模型的16倍。这些数据说明所提算法在茶园复杂环境下,不仅对于茶树和杂草具有更好的识别效果,而且满足实时检测的要求,可以为智能茶园植保机械提供技术支持。     

基于改进YOLOv5算法的农田杂草检测

随着智慧农业技术和大田种植技术的不断发展,自动除草具有广阔的市场前景。关于除草剂自动喷洒的有效性,农田杂草的精准、快速地识别和定位是关键技术之一。基于此提出一种改进的YOLOv5算法实现农田杂草检测,该方法通过改进数据增强方式,提高模型泛化性;通过添加注意力机制,增强主干网络的特征提取能力;通过改进框回归损失函数,提升预测框的准确率。试验表明,在芝麻作物和多种杂草的复杂环境下,本文方法的检测平均精度均值mAP为90.6%,杂草的检测平均精度AP为90.2%,比YOLOv5s模型分别提高4.7%和2%。在本文试验环境下,单张图像检测时间为2.8 ms,可实现实时检测。该研究内容可以为农田智能除草设备提供参考。     

优质糯玉米杂交种烟糯7号的选育研究

烟糯7号是由山东省烟台市农业科学研究院于1995年以自选系43221为母本、1211为父本杂交育成的白粒糯质玉米杂交种。经过2001—2002年山东省特种玉米区域试验和大面积生产示范,表现出早熟丰产、抗病抗倒、籽粒蛋白质含量高、风味品质好、果皮薄以及商品果穗率高等特点,在生产上具有较高的推广应用价值。2003年通过山东省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

大豆蛋白质有关性状的QTL定位

以科丰1号×南农1138-2组合衍生的184个重组自交家系(简称RIKY)和(Essex×ZDD2315)×ZDD2315衍生的114个BC₁F₂家系(简称BIEX)为材料,对蛋白质含量、蛋油总量与油脂含量,11S、7S、11S/7S,11S-1~11S-4, 7S-1~7S-6等4组16个性状利用WinQTL Cartographer Ver.2.5的复合区间作图法(CIM)、多区间作图法(MIM)和IciMapping Ver.2.0的完备区间作图法(ICIM)进行QTL分析, 结果表明：(1) 在RIKY和BIEX群体分别定位到17⁺个和21⁺个QTL,合计38⁺个QTL;在RIKY有蛋白、油脂、蛋油总量QTL11个,在11S和7S亚基组上分别只有1⁺和3⁺个;在BIEX有前性状QTL2⁺个,有后性状QTL分别9⁺和6⁺个;(2) 两群体16个性状上均没有检测到共享的QTL,说明两群体的蛋白质有关性状具有完全不同的遗传基础;RIKY的两个亲本间蛋白、油脂和蛋油总量有明显遗传差异,但在亚基组上遗传差异不大,而BIEX则反之;(3) 4组总、分性状中,两群体一致表现出蛋白、油脂和蛋油总量和11S、7S和11S/7S比值两组在总、分性状间共享QTL(共同遗传基础), 而11S亚基组和7S亚基组两组性状在总、分性状间无共享的QTL;(4) 蛋白质有关性状QTL定位结果和分离分析结果共同表明这类性状主效基因和微效基因均占较大比重,要考虑两者兼用的育种方法。