不同耐性玉米自交系苗期根系对低钾胁迫的生物学响应

通过水培试验,以典型耐低钾玉米自交系90-21-3和低钾敏感玉米自交系835为试材,分别于4、6、7、9和10叶期测定玉米根形态、根系还原力、伤流量和干物质积累量,研究不同耐性玉米自交系苗期根系对低钾胁迫的生物学响应。结果表明,低钾胁迫下,耐低钾玉米自交系90-21-3表现为根长增幅大,根表面积、根体积降幅小,根平均直径降幅大。与低钾敏感玉米自交系835相比,低钾胁迫下耐低钾玉米自交系90-21-3的根系相对发达、根系活力强、伤流量大及干物质积累量较大。     

设施滴灌条件下甜瓜茎流变化及其对环境因子的响应

设施甜瓜栽培已成为中国一个具有较大增长空间的重要产业。采用合理的灌溉方式和决策来提高甜瓜产量与品质显得尤为重要。为探明设施滴灌条件下甜瓜植株茎流速率变化规律及其影响因素,有效诊断植株水分指标,为制定灌溉策略提供理论依据,采用基于茎热平衡法的Dymaxax包裹式茎流计、小型自动气象站和TRIME-IPH土壤剖面水分测量仪等对温室内覆膜滴灌条件下甜瓜植株茎流速率变化及其周围环境影响因子进行长时间连续定点监测。研究结果表明：温室内甜瓜的茎流速率日变化曲线基本呈双峰曲线,多云及阴天甜瓜白天液流启动推迟,峰值减小15%~47%;晴天条件下温室内太阳辐射(Rs)、空气相对温度(Rh)滞后于茎流速率,阴天及多云条件下,辐射与茎流速率基本同步达到峰值,相对湿度在晴天中午辐射较高区间内的小幅提高会对茎流速率产生一定的拉低效应;温室内太阳辐射是甜瓜茎流变化的主要驱动因素,并建立了以太阳辐射(Rs)和空气相对湿度(Rh)为主要因子反映甜瓜茎流速率(F)变化的多元线性回归模型(F=26.204+0.0890Rs-0.2540Rh,R2=0.831,P<0.001),可对甜瓜蒸腾变化进行预测。     

Time lag characteristics of sap flow in seed-maize and their implications for modeling transpiration in an arid region of Northwest China

Plant capacity for water storage leads to time lags between basal stem sap flow and transpiration in various woody plants. Internal water storage depends on the sizes of woody plants. However, the changes and its influencing factors in time lags of basal stem flow during the development of herbaceous plants including crops remain unclear. A field experiment was conducted in an arid region of Northwest China to examine the time lag characteristics of sap flow in seed-maize and to calibrate the transpiration modeling. Cross-correlation analysis was used to estimate the time lags between stem sap flow and meteorological driving factors including solar radiation(R_s) and vapor pressure deficit of the air(VPD_(air)). Results indicate that the changes in seed-maize stem sap flow consistently lagged behind the changes in R_s and preceded the changes in VPD_(air) both on hourly and daily scales, suggesting that light-mediated stomatal closures drove sap flow responses. The time lag in the maize's sap flow differed significantly during different growth stages and the difference was potentially due to developmental changes in capacitance tissue and/or xylem during ontogenesis. The time lags between stem sap flow and R_s in both female plants and male plants corresponded to plant use of stored water and were independent of total plant water use. Time lags of sap flow were always longer in male plants than in female plants. Theoretically, dry soil may decrease the speed by which sap flow adjusts ahead of shifts in VPD_(air) in comparison with wet soil and also increase the speed by which sap flow adjusts to R_s. However, sap flow lags that were associated with R_s before irrigation and after irrigation in female plants did not shift. Time series analysis method provided better results for simulating seed-maize sap flow with advantages of allowing for fewer variables to be included. This approach would be helpful in improving the accuracy of estimation for canopy transpiration and conductance using meteorological measurements.     

A proposed surface resistance model for the Penman-Monteith formula to estimate evapotranspiration in a solar greenhouse

Greenhousing is a technique to bridge season gap in vegetable production and has been widely used worldwide. Calculation of water requirement of crops grown in greenhouse and determination of their irrigation schedules in arid and semi-arid regions are essential for greenhouse maintenance and have thus attracted increased attention over the past decades. The most common method used in the literature to estimate crop evapotranspiration(ET) is the Penman-Monteith(PM) formula. When applied to greenhouse, however, it often uses canopy resistance instead of surface resistance. It is understood that the surface resistance in greenhouse is the result of a combined effect of canopy restriction and soil-surface restriction to water vapor flow, and the relative dominance of one restriction over another depends on crop canopy. In this paper, we developed a surface resistance model in a way similar to two parallel resistances in an electrical circuit to account for both restrictions. Also, considering that wind speed in greenhouse is normally rather small, we compared three methods available in the literature to calculate the aerodynamic resistance, which are the r_a~1 method proposed by Perrier(1975a, b), the r_a~2 method proposed by Thom and Oliver(1977), and the r_a~3 method proposed by Zhang and Lemeu(1992). We validated the model against ET of tomatoes in a greenhouse measured from sap flow system combined with micro-lysimeter in 2015 and with weighing lysimeter in 2016. The results showed that the proposed surface resistance model improved the accuracy of the PM model, especially when the leaf area index was low and the greenhouse was being irrigated. We also found that the aerodynamic resistance calculated from the r_a~1 and r_a~3 methods is applicable to the greenhouse although the latter is slightly more accurate than the former. The proposed surface resistance model, together with the r_a~3 method for aerodynamic resistance, offers an improved approach to estimate ET in greenhouse using the PM formula.     

冀西北坝上干旱区北京杨树干液流特征及影响因素分析

为了揭示冀西北坝上干旱区三北防护林主要树种北京杨的耗水特征,采用热扩散式茎流仪研究了不同健康等级北京杨的树干液流特征,同时分析了树干液流对气象因素和个体生长状态的响应。结果表明:北京杨树干边材液流无论是晴天还是阴天均表现出明显的昼夜变化规律,晴天启动早,停止晚;夜间也存在树干液流,健康杨树单株夜间耗水贡献率为2.50%~5.60%,不健康单株夜间耗水贡献率高达8.37%~21.20%。不同健康等级杨树单株水分消耗在0.01水平存在差异,不健康单株日均耗水量为(22.95±5.99)L,仅为健康单株的27.9%。树干液流速率与太阳辐射、空气温度、饱和水汽压差成正相关,与相对湿度成负相关,其中与大气温度、相对湿度相关性最强。树干液流与气象因子之间存在不同程度的时滞效应,健康和亚健康单株液流速率滞后于太阳辐射0.5h,提前于空气温度、湿度、饱和水汽压差1h;而不健康单株液流速率则滞后于太阳辐射1h,与空气温度、湿度、饱和水汽压差同步。健康、亚健康和不健康北京杨单株单株生长季消耗水分分别为11 636.1,7 254.8,3 425.4L,当年232.2mm的降水不能满足其水分消耗。表明水分不足对北京杨树干液流具有胁迫效应,制约杨树的生长。     

雷州半岛尾巨桉人工林树干液流对台风天气的响应

[目的]为正确认识台风对桉树人工林蒸腾耗水的影响。[方法]采用热扩散茎流计对尾巨桉树干液流在台风前后进行连续监测,分析其对台风天气的响应,并同步测定林分气象条件,分析台风过程中树干液流与气象因子之间的相关性。[结果]表明:台风当天,树干液流密度与台风登陆前后(单峰)不同,呈不规律多峰型曲线,树干日均液流密度(2.89 mL·h~(-1)·cm~(-2))较台风前减少53%,夜间液流波动较大;日间最大峰值(7.76 mL·h~(-1)·cm~(-2))出现在下午,峰值较台风前降低55%,树干液流日通量极显著小于台风登陆前后;台风登陆前树干液流密度峰值(17.4 mL·h~(-1)·cm~(-2))及平均液流密度(6.15 mL·h~(-1)·cm~(-2))分别是台风登陆过后的1.24倍和1.14倍,台风后树干液流日通量较台风前均有所下降;台风当天,影响液流的主要气象因子为风速、大气温度、空气湿度、水汽压亏缺和降雨量,液流与风速的相关系数较台风前增大52%,与降雨量的相关系数是台风前的2.6倍,与其他因子的相关系数较台风前均下降了50%左右,而台风登陆前后之间的主要影响因子差异不大。[结论]台风当天的日均液流密度、白天的平均液流密度和日通量均极显著小于台风前后,而夜间液流显著大于台风前后;台风前后的日均液流密度差异不显著,夜间液流台风前显著大于台风后;台风过程中风速成为影响液流的关键因子,与太阳辐射相关性不显著,其他影响因子与台风前后相同,但相关系数除风速和降雨量外均显著下降。     

木荷树干液流的密度特征

树干液流在微时空尺度上具有较大的变异性,尺度扩展过程中又极易引起误差,而有些环境因子则是在较大空间尺度上发生变化,容易降低液流密度研究结果的可靠性。引入单位面积液流日累积量(Qa)和液流密度峰值(Jsmax)这2个参数,根据树高和胸径划分不同优势度,研究木荷树干液流时空动态特征及与环境因子的关系,探讨液流密度研究更合理的方法。结果表明:2007年9月到2008年4月木荷优势木、中等木和劣势木液流日进程均呈现单峰格型,根据树高划分优势度等级的木荷中等木平均液流密度要略大于优势木,劣势木的平均液流密度远远低于优势木和中等木;而根据胸径划分优势度等级的木荷优势木液流大于中等木,中等木液流大于劣势木;光合有效辐射是影响优势木和中等木液流密度的主要环境因子,劣势木液流密度主要受气温影响;在干旱胁迫下,土壤含水量对优势木和中等木液流密度瞬时变化的影响比劣势木显著;总体而言,土壤湿度对液流瞬时值影响不大,但显著影响大时间尺度上优势木液流累积量的变化。按树高划分的木荷等级对环境因子的响应更敏感,而按胸径划分的木荷等级显示树形因子对液流的影响不可忽略。根据研究的需求不同,按树高或胸径分级各有优势。     

不同钾效率棉花基因型伤流液钾状况的研究

在营养液培养条件下,对钾"双高"(钾高效和高增产潜力)棉花基因型HG103和钾"双低"(钾低效和低增产潜力)棉花基因型LG122的伤流液进行了研究。结果表明,施钾显著增加了各基因型棉花的伤流量、伤流液中的钾含量和钾积累量及植株各器官的钾含量和钾积累量;两个基因型对低钾胁迫的反应不同,钾"双高"基因型HG103的伤流量显著高于钾"双低"基因型LG122。二者伤流液中的钾含量与根、茎、叶中的钾含量和钾积累量及单株钾积累量均达到了极显著或显著相关,说明伤流液中的钾含量和积累量与植株各器官的钾含量和钾积累量有一定的关联。     

树干径向变化对茎液流以及气象因子的响应

应用改进的SF-L型热扩散式树液流测定装置和DC型植物生长测量仪,结合北京2007年6-10月的气象数据,探讨了北京山区油松、侧柏树干茎周长动态因素与液流速率和气象因子之间的相关关系,并运用树木径向变化周期分段法将树木径向生长量从径向变化过程中分离开,结果表明:(1)油松、侧柏茎周长变化与液流速率的关系显著(P<0.01),油松为正相关,侧柏为负相关.(2)空气水汽压亏缺、日温差、空气湿度和日照时数与油松、侧柏茎周长变化关系显著,但在回归拟合过程中侧柏的解释因子只有空气水汽压亏缺和日平均风速,且解释程度比较低(0.356).(3)油松、侧柏茎周长生长量的拟合水平较高,且影响气象因子相同,侧柏的液流速率也成为解释因子之一.水汽压亏缺、空气温湿度、日照时数、土壤水势和风速对树木的生长起到决定性的作用.     

杨树木质部特异启动子MDCesAP的改造及功能检测

木质部特异表达的强启动子有助于外源目的基因在植物木质部中高效表达。将2个杨树木质部特异启动子MDCe-sAP串联在一起,置换植物表达载体pBI121上的35S启动子,构建成pDMDCesAP-GUS植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导,并采用叶盘法转化烟草,获得烟草抗性植株。β-葡糖醛酸酶(GUS)活性检测结果表明,该串联启动子DMDCesAP具有木质部特异性,有望应用于桑天牛寄主树种的抗虫转基因研究。