低能N+离子·紫外线和60Co-γ射线对黑曲霉产木聚糖酶的诱变效应

以木聚糖酶产生菌黑曲霉为试验菌株,比较了低能N+离子、紫外线和60Co-γ射线对黑曲霉的剂量存活效应和诱变效果。结果发现:N+离子注入的存活曲线与紫外线、60Co-γ射线辐照不同,即紫外线和60Co-γ射线照射黑曲霉的剂量存活曲线均是指数曲线,而N+离子注入呈复杂异常损伤的趋势,且3种辐射在诱变效应上有很大的差异。在相同死亡率条件下,紫外线诱变率低,但正变多于负变,而60Co-γ射线诱变率高,负变远远多于正变。适当剂量的N+离子注入表现出诱变率高、正变率高及正变幅度大的特点。     

Variation in the levels of the different xylanase inhibitors in grain and flour of 20 French wheat cultivars

A xylanase from Aspergillus aculeatus (glycoside hydrolase family 10), uninhibited by TAXI, and a xylanase from Bacillus subtilis (family 11), uninhibited by XIP-I, were selected to quantify the respective apparent levels of XIP-I and TAXI inhibitors, in flours and grains of 20 wheat varieties. The apparent TAXI amount ranged from 0.05 to 0.19 mg/g in flour (mean: 0.11 mg/g) and from 0.07 to 0.2 mg/g in grain (mean: 0.14 mg/g). The range observed for XIP-I was 0.12–0.6 mg/g in flour (mean 0.32 mg/g), and 0.21–0.56 mg/g in grain (mean: 0.41 mg/g). The inhibition profile of the xylanase from A. aculeatus by a crude inhibitor preparation suggested the presence of an additional component in wheat flour, responsible for an increase in inhibition.     

Specificity of feruloyl esterases for water-extractable and water-unextractable feruloylated polysaccharides: influence of xylanase

Representatives of three types of feruloyl esterases were examined for their ability to release mono- and di-meric ferulic acid from water-extractable and water-unextractable cereal cell wall material, either alone or in the presence of a family 10 or family 11 xylanase. A type-C feruloyl esterase from Talaromyces stipitatus (TsFaeC) released 100% of the ferulic acid from water-extractable wheat endosperm arabinoxylan when acting in combination with a xylanase from Trichoderma longibrachiatum. The type-A esterase from Aspergillus niger, AnFaeA, was most effective in releasing ferulic acid from wheat bran and brewers' spent grain, with over 50% of the available ferulic acid being released from wheat bran in the presence of a xylanase from Bacillus subtilis. In general, family 11 xylanases were the preferred synergistic partners with feruloyl esterases for the release of ferulic acid, while family 10 xylanases were preferred for the liberation of diferulic acid, with only the 5,5′ form being released by the action of AnFaeA alone. This suggests that ferulic acid may be located in regions of low substitution on arabinoxylans while the 5,5′ diferulate moiety is located in more branched regions of the xylan chain.     

木质层孔菌产木聚糖酶和β-葡聚糖酶的研究

研究了木质层孔菌不同发酵条件对木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶性能的影响,并对其酶作用特性进行了研究结果表明:木质层孔菌产木聚糖酶最适碳源为麸皮,氮源为蛋白胨,最适发酵温度为25℃;而产β-葡聚糖酶最适碳源为木糖,氮源为酵母膏,最适发酵温度为28℃。就产酶时间而言,在发酵前60 h菌株均不产生β-葡聚糖酶和木聚糖酶,在72 h才有微量的酶产生,到192～240 h两种酶均达到产酶高峰,并以216h产酶最高;两种酶的最佳缓冲液均为柠檬酸缓冲液,木聚糖酶的最适作用pH值5.0,最适反应温度为50℃,而β-葡聚糖酶最适作用pH值4.6,最适反应温度为60℃。     

Dietary soluble non-starch polysaccharide level and xylanase supplementation influence performance,egg quality and nutrient utilization in laying hens fed wheat-based diets

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary soluble non-starch polysaccharide (sNSP) content and xylanase supplementation on production performance, egg quality parameters, and nutrient digestibility in Hy-line Brown layers from 25 to 32 wk of age. A total of 144 Hy-line Brown laying hens (25 wk of age) were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 wheat-based dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial experimental design, with 36 replicates of individual hens per treatment. The diets were formulated to contain either a high or low sNSP level (at 13.3 or 10.8 g/kg) and were supplemented with either 0 or 12,000 BXU/kg exogenous xylanase. Birds were fed these treatment diets for an 8-wk period, and hen production performance, including daily egg production, average egg weight, daily egg mass, feed conversion ratio and proportion of dirty and abnormal eggs were measured at bird age 25 to 28 wk and 29 to 32 wk. An interaction between sNSP content of the diet and xylanase supplementation was observed on daily egg production from 25 to 28 wk of age (P = 0.018); birds fed the high sNSP diet without xylanase had lower egg production than those fed any other treatment. An interaction between the 2 dietary factors was also observed on hen weight gain at 29 to 32 wk of age (P = 0.014), with birds fed the low sNSP diet with 12,000 BXU/kg xylanase presenting greater weight gain compared to those fed the high sNSP diet with 12,000 BXU/kg xylanase. Feed intake at 29 to 32 wk of age was reduced by xylanase supplementation (P = 0.047). Xylanase supplementation also increased yolk colour score at both 28 and 32 wk of age, and decreased yolk weight at 32 wk of age (P = 0.014, 0.037 and 0.013, respectively). Birds fed the low sNSP diet presented lower protein digestibility (P = 0.024) than those fed the high sNSP diet. Additionally, birds fed high sNSP presented higher shell reflectivity at both 28 and 32 wk of age (P = 0.05 and 0.036, respectively). The influence of duration of feeding the treatment diets on egg quality was also determined. It was observed that egg weight, yolk weight and yolk colour score consistently increased over time, regardless of experimental treatment effects. In contrast, Haugh Unit and albumen height significantly decreased throughout the study period in all treatments, although this was less pronounced in hens fed the treatment with high sNSP and no supplemental xylanase. A reduction in shell breaking strength over time was observed only in hens fed the treatments without xylanase addition, and shell thickness was improved over time only in birds fed the low sNSP diet with xylanase. The impacts of the dietary treatments were largely inconsistent in this study, so a solid conclusion cannot be drawn. However, these findings do indicate that dietary NSP level influences layer production performance, and thus should be considered when formulating laying hen diets. It also proved that further research is warranted into how to optimize the benefits of xylanase application in laying hens.