红枣气体射流冲击干燥收缩特性研究

Chinese jujube originated in China and has a long historical standing. China is the only country which can produce a great amount of Chinese jujube in the world. Modern research showed that the nutrition of Chinese jujube is abundant. Chinese jujube has great medicinal and food value, with high economic value and good prospects for development. Shrinkage characteristics of dates generally refer to volume shrinkage characteristics of whole dates. Large fruit and plump grain appearance of dates is the first choice of consumers to buy elements. The volume of dried jujube points to the consumer’s heart, and is an important indicator of consumers whether to buy. Jujube processing enterprises grade the date in accordance with its size, different grades dates have different value and price. Therefore, drying is the most important steps during the dates processing as it affects directly the quality of the product, and the shrinkage characteristics is the most important quality characteristic of Chinese jujube after drying. However, the traditional natural desiccation and desiccation in the drying room of the red dates has many problems. The conventional drying method for Chinese jujube has some disadvantages of severe shrinkage, long drying time and large energy consumption etc. Therefore, in order to improve the quality of dried Chinese jujube and reduce the shrinkage, it is imperative to replace the traditional drying method with the modern technologies. Air impingement drying technology was applied to dry Chinese jujube. The drying characteristics of shrinkage, moisture effective diffusivity considering shrinkage characteristics and the activation energy of Chinese jujube shrinkage were investigated under different air temperatures (55, 60, 65 and 70℃) and air velocities (6, 9, 12 and 15m/s). The dynamic changes of the regular pattern for the shrinkage characteristic of Chinese jujube in the air impingement drying process were studied, the results showed that the volume relative shrinkage ratio of Chinese jujube appeared to increase and then decrease with the increase of air temperature and air velocity. Considering shrinkage characteristics, the moisture effective diffusivity of Chinese jujube in the air impingement drying process through the Fick’s second law was obtained. The diffusivity appeared to increase and then decrease with the decrease in moisture content in dry basis of Chinese jujube. The Arrhenius equation calculated the shrinkage activation energy of the Chinese jujube was 1281kJ/mol. This research provided technical basis for shrinkage characteristics of Chinese jujube using air impingement drying technology.     

密山至兴凯湖旅游公路冬季土方施工

本文叙述了冬季土方施工的方法、步骤和要点。     

吕梁红枣产业发展现状、存在问题及措施

吕梁是全国最大的红枣基地,产量占全国总产量的13.4%,红枣产业已成为当地农民增收的主导产业.但由于管理粗放,种植结构不合理,抵御自然灾害能力差,导致红枣裂果观象频发,损失惨重;又因缺乏品牌效应,产品深加工不够,产品档次不高,导致销售渠道不畅.研究认为,通过综合应用防裂果措施、改变品种结构、提升加工水平、转变销售模式、发展龙头企业等措施,可促进吕梁红枣产业健康稳定地发展     

间接地下滴灌灌溉深度对枣树根系和水分的影响

为探讨间接地下滴灌及导水装置埋深(灌溉深度)对南疆极端干旱区矮化密植红枣根系生长分布特征及产量、水分利用率的影响,试验设间接地下滴灌(ISDI)3个导水装置埋深水平,分别为20、27、35 cm,以地表滴灌(DI)为对照,共4个处理,经过2~4 a的田间试验后,采用环状壕沟分层挖掘法对以枣树树干为中心,半径为1 m的90°扇形区域内0~100 cm土层进行根系取样。结果表明,相对于DI,ISDI下各根系分布较均匀,生长方向基本向下延伸;ISDI显著增加了根径小于5 mm根系根长密度,细根(根径小于2 mm)是DI的3倍,但减少了根径大于5 mm根系根长密度,相对增加了20~40 cm土层根系根长占总根长的比率;垂直方向上随着灌溉深度的增加表层根系根长密度相对减少,深层相对增加;水平方向上各处理根系根长密度基本呈现随着与树干水平距离的增加而减小的趋势,但在0~20 cm土层减小的幅度较大,在20~40 cm土层其减小的幅度较小;随着灌溉技术由DI到ISDI及灌溉深度的增加,细根分布基本呈现出由宽浅型向深根型发展的趋势。相对DI,ISDI具有较好的节水增产效果,提高产量及灌溉水生产率最大达20%。建议幼龄期南疆密植枣树的导水装置埋深为27~35 cm。研究为极端干旱区枣树适宜灌溉技术的选择及其技术要素的制定提供依据。     

生草栽培对南方鲜食枣生长及光合特性的影响

【目的】筛选适宜南方鲜食枣园生草栽培的草种。【方法】以白三叶、多年生黑麦草、1年生黑麦草为试材,采用Li-6400XT便携式光合仪测定枣树的光合指标,研究不同生草栽培处理对鲜食枣的生长及光合作用的影响。【结果】3个草种生草栽培处理均可促进鲜食枣的生长,其中白三叶生草栽培处理中鲜食枣的株高增幅、地径增幅、枣吊长度、SPAD值分别比对照高出30.94%、9.83%、11.58%、26.39%,优于其他处理。不同生草栽培处理中,鲜食枣的光合能力差异显著,其中白三叶生草栽培处理的最大光合速率为16.83 μmol/(m^2·s),显著高于其他处理,而光补偿点和暗呼吸速率分别为11.62、3.36 μmol/(m^2·s),显著低于其他处理。鲜食枣的净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,峰值分别出现在11:00和17:00,白三叶生草栽培处理11:00的净光合速率最高,为18.79 μmol/(m^2·s)。蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化趋势与净光合速率一致,而胞间CO_2浓度呈早晚高、中午低的不规则"V"形曲线变化,在13:00降到最低值,之后又逐渐回升。按照净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化均值由高到低排序,依次均为白三叶生草栽培处理、多年生黑麦草生草栽培处理、1年生黑麦草生草栽培处理、对照。【结论】综合各处理对鲜食枣主要生长指标和光合指标的影响,白三叶生草栽培处理下,鲜食枣可充分利用光合有效辐射和CO_2,提高净光合速率,进而促进树体生长。     

不同肥料对毛竹冬笋品质特征的影响

连续使用3种不同肥料3年后对冬笋品质特征影响的研究结果表明：蛋白质平均含量的百分比比对照减少0.2～0.35,还原米糖含量的百分比比对照减少0.05～0.12,脂肪平均含量中只有处理C的百分比比对照减少0.1,可溶性固形物的含量没有明显变化均为7.5%,粗纤维含量的百分比比对照增加0.07～0.1,砷（As）含量为绿色食品控制标准的12%～20%,铅（Pb）含量为绿色食品控制标准的51%～97%,镉（Cd）含量为绿色食品控制标准的58%～74%。     

枣树稳产栽培技术研究

研究了施肥、花期避雨、树枝环剥、叶面喷施微量元素、摘心控梢等措施对枣树生产的影响,结果表明:秋季施基肥时增施复合肥,有利于树体营养元素的积累,能明显促进枣树第二年的结果;花期避雨栽培产量明显高于露天栽培;对枣树结果枝进行1/6～ 1/5或者1 cm左右环剥,能显著提高平均单果重、结实数及单位面积产量;在枣树初花期和生理...     

不同气体成分对冬枣贮藏的影响

根据冬枣的呼吸生理特点,冬枣气凋贮藏试验采用了4种不同的O2和CO2气体成分．通过比较各种试验处理的贮藏效果,确定了冬枣气调贮藏最佳气体成分为：O2含量为3％,CO2含量为2％。     

植物生长物质对木枣树根蘖苗成活率的影响

植物生长物质萘乙酸、吲哚丁酸、生根粉对枣树根蘖苗的促控作用非常明显，其作用是通过对地上部加长生长、加粗生长和地下部根系发育的影响来实现的。三种外源激素的浓度分别为萘乙酸0．1％、吲哚丁酸0．1％、生根粉0．05％，其中尤以萘乙酸0．1％效果最好，成活率可高达71．4％。浓度过高则会抑制根蘖苗的生长，降低成活率。     

清凉酸枣饮料生产工艺

以野生酸枣为原料，经热水浸提，过滤即得酸枣原汁。配以适当比例的白砂糖，柠檬酸，纯净水，放入夹层锅中进行第１次灭菌后装入玻璃瓶中，压封瓶盖，放入蒸汽消毒柜中，经９５－１００℃再次灭菌３０ｍｉｎ，即为酸枣加工产品－清凉酸枣饮料。