Maasai perception of the impact and incidence of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in southern Kenya

We investigated the perceived impact of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) to pastoralists in Isinya Division, a wildlife dispersal area of Nairobi National Park, and used a range of participatory epidemiology methodologies. We compared the relative importance, incidence and impact of MCF compared to other locally defined important diseases with a total of 158 respondents in 11 group meetings and 21 household meetings in July 2004. Direct losses due to disease were investigated through lowered prices as a result of the emergency sale of disease-infected animals.

Overall, Maasai in Isinya Division perceived east coast fever (ECF) to be the most important cattle disease and to have the highest incidence. Anthrax was considered to have the largest impact. In areas within or adjacent to the wildebeest calving zone, MCF was perceived to be the most important cattle disease and also to have the largest impact. Outside the calving zone, MCF was considered the fourth-most important disease with the fourth largest impact, and these were areas where wildebeest were less common. MCF was also the fourth-most common disease, and across the Division incidence was estimated at 5% in calves and 10% in adults. However, MCF incidence varied greatly throughout the study area, from 3% to 12%, and the highest incidence risks were found in areas where wildebeest came to calve. The percent drop in sale price per animal infected with MCF was estimated at 50% for MCF for the year 2003–2004.

Forced avoidance movements away from wildebeest calves were reported to decrease livestock production due to loss of access to prime grazing sites. As suggested by pastoralists in this study, the development of compensation schemes or incentives from wildlife would reduce the conflict between livestock keeping and wildlife conservation.     

动物疾病发病规律及其防控措施

在了解动物疾病的对人类危害的基础上，研究了动物疾病的发病规律，提出了对动物疾病的防控措施，以便能更好的预防动物疾病的发生。     

影响粮食产量因素的组合预测和经济分析

利用回归分析和灰色关联分析方法对1990年～2002年间影响粮食产量的因素进行了定量分析,给出了一种改进的灰色相关度.并结合我国农业的现状提出几点看法和建议.     

灌水频率和施肥量对三七有效成分积累与发病率的影响

为探明灌水频率和施肥量对三七有效成分积累及发病率的影响。以2年生三七为试验对象,设置W1（3 d灌1次水）、W2（5 d灌1次水）、W3（7 d灌一次水）、W4（9 d灌1次水）4个灌水频率水平;F1（75 kg/hm2）、F2（150 kg/hm2）2个施肥水平;采用完全组合设计,共8个处理。结果表明,随着灌水频率的增加,三七光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶水势均呈先增加后减小趋势,在花期达到峰值,且W2处理均最大。不同处理的株高、茎粗、叶长及叶宽变化趋势大致相同且均在营养生长期大幅增加,在果期达到最大。W3F2处理下有效成分积累量最大（1084.93 mg/kg）,特别是与W1F2相比,W3F2处理三七有效成分积累量极显著增加了61.10%。此外,随着灌水频率的增加,三七根腐病、黑斑病在高频率灌水W1处理条件下发病率最高（P<0.05）,分别为15.79%、3.41%;干叶病发病率最低,仅为2.11%。综上所述,微喷灌施肥条件下低频灌水W3（7 d灌1次水）和高肥F2（150 kg/hm2）组合处理适宜三七叶片生长,且三七根中有效成分积累多,发病率低。本研究对优化三七水肥管理,实现三七绿色可持续发展具有重要理论及指导意义。     

土地开发整理投资估算分析方法探析——以江苏省为例

本研究建立单位面积标准投资估算法和重点项目投资估算法来估算区域土地开发整理总投资量和重点项目、重点工程的投资额。分析了土地开发整理投资影响因素，并采用灰色关联分析方法确定其权重，据此计算出重点项目估算法巾参数n。根据上述方法估算了江苏省规划期内(2001—2010年)土地开发整理总投资量和各重点项目的投资额。     

珠江三角洲典型肝癌发病区土壤重金属富集特征分析及生态风险测度

测定了珠江三角洲经济区顺德典型肝癌发病区的29个表层土壤样品重金属含量,并用平均富集因子(AEFs)分析了研究区重金属元素污染程度,结果表明表层土壤重金属按富集程度可分为3类,严重富集(AEFs>5),主要有Cd、Hg;中度富集(AEFs=2~5),包括Zn、Cu、Ni、As、Co、Mn;轻微富集(AEFs<2),包括Fe、Cr、Pb、Se;Mo的富集程度最低,29个样点的EF值均小于0.2。进一步通过因子分析和聚类分析研究表层土壤中重金属的类别和来源,发现表层土壤中的17种重金属主要有5种不同组合,反映了5种不同的来源或迁移特性:因子1包括Ni、Li、V、Co、Cr、Fe和Al,因子2包括OM、Se和Ce,因子3主要包括Pb和Zn,因子4包括Cd、As和Mn,因子5由pH、Mo和Hg组成,其中因子1、2、4代表3种不同特性的自然源因子,因子3为交通及工业污染源因子,因子5为燃煤污染源因子。以广东省土壤背景值为参比标准进行的潜在生态危害评价结果表明,研究区表层土壤重金属潜在生态危害指数较高,总体以强度为主(RI>300),其中单项生态危害系数较高的是Hg和Cd,其余6种金属元素Pb、Cu、Ni、As、Cr属于轻微生态危害性。     

碱性肥料调节香蕉园土壤酸度及防控香蕉枯萎病的效果

【目的】我国香蕉主产区蕉园土壤酸化严重、 香蕉营养失衡、 巴拿马病（枯萎病）严重泛滥和肆虐,造成香蕉严重减产甚至绝收。中性碱性土壤条件可有效抑制引发巴拿马病（枯萎病）细菌（Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense）的感染。本研究在长期从事香蕉营养与施肥研究的基础上,研制了碱性肥料,并在海南乐东（香蕉枯萎病重灾区）进行了3年碱性肥料田间试验,研究碱性肥料以及其他肥料与其混合使用在改良蕉园土壤酸性的同时,防控香蕉枯萎病及其营养效果。以期通过施用碱性肥料改善我国蕉园土壤状况,降低枯萎病的发生,促进香蕉增产。【方法】试验采用5因素完全方案,分别为碱性肥料（AF）+长效肥料（CRF）+速效肥料（CCF）、 AF+CRF、 AF+CCF、 CRF+CCF、 CCF 5个处理,每个处理的氮、 磷、 钾总量相等,香蕉整个生育期内施氮（N）、 磷（P2O5）、 钾（K2O）分别为200、 80、 400 g/plant,每个处理重复3次,随机排列。在每次施肥后15~20 d采集表层15 cm的土壤并测定土壤pH值。分别在香蕉孕蕾期、 抽蕾期、 果实膨大期、 收获期调查枯萎病发病率、 病情指数。【结果】土壤pH值分别和香蕉枯萎病发病率、 病情指数间呈极显著的负相关,即土壤酸性越强,香蕉枯萎病越严重;黄叶率和香蕉枯萎病发病率、 病情指数间呈显著或极显著的正相关,说明香蕉枯萎病发病率和病情指数越高,香蕉黄叶数越多,绿叶数越少。通过4次施肥,碱性肥料在香蕉生长期供应适量足量氮、 磷、 钾养分的同时,还能有效地提高土壤pH值,使土壤pH值维持在7.0~7.4之间,并且能有效降低香蕉黄叶率、 发病率和病情指数,对防控香蕉枯萎病有显著效果。从香蕉孕蕾期开始,枯萎病呈现加重趋势,到收获期时香蕉发病最严重,但在这期间碱性肥料能明显降低香蕉枯萎病的发病率。香蕉收获期,常规肥料处理的枯萎病发病率在62%以上,而碱性肥料处理的发病率降低到了18%以下;并且碱性肥料能明显减轻发病香蕉病情,常规对照处理香蕉病情指数达到了21%,而碱性肥料处理的只有5%。香蕉黄叶率从营养期开始逐渐增大,碱性肥料处理香蕉黄叶率显著低于常规对照处理的黄叶率。碱性肥料处理的香蕉经济收获率由对照的56%增加到了72%,每公顷增产13267 kg,单株增产3.43 kg。【结论】碱性肥料增产的原因在于一方面提高了土壤pH值而降低了香蕉枯萎病发病率及其病情指数,减少了香蕉的黄叶数量,使香蕉有较多的绿叶进行光合作用而高产;另一方面香蕉生长期土壤处于中性偏碱环境能有效地抑制尖孢镰刀菌的萌发和致病,而有利于其他有益微生物的生长,从而为香蕉健康生长营造良好的土壤环境。由此可见,应用碱性肥料不仅是改良蕉园土壤酸性、 均衡土壤养分、 平衡香蕉营养的施肥技术,而且是防控香蕉枯萎病的有效措施。     

秸秆还田对中国主要粮食作物病害影响的Meta分析

秸秆还田作为一项重要的生态农业措施,对于农作物病害的影响一直备受关注却尚未形成完全一致的观点。为明确秸秆还田对中国主要粮食作物病害的影响及其在不同病害类型、环境条件和农业管理方式下的具体表现,该研究采用Meta方法,系统分析了公开发表的中国范围内秸秆还田对作物病害影响相关研究。结果表明：秸秆还田会显著增加中国主要粮食作物病害发病率和病情指数,增幅分别达9.5%和12.2%(P<0.05)。病害类型、环境条件和农业管理措施会显著改变秸秆还田对作物病害发生的影响。具体地,病毒病害和土传病害对秸秆还田的响应较为敏感;亚热带季风气候下还田病害显著减轻,温带季风气候下显著加重,水田下还田病害较轻,旱地,尤其是冬小麦与春玉米轮作下还田病害加重显著,微酸性土壤中还田病害轻于微碱性土壤,此外,土壤有机质含量大于15 g/kg、土壤小于7 000 kg/hm²、初始碳氮比大于15时还田均会导致病害的加重。线性回归分析显示,秸秆还田病害发生与年平均降雨量、有机质含量呈显著负相关,与初始碳氮比和土壤pH值呈正相关。综上,通过增加初始氮肥用量、改善土壤墒情以及在微酸性土壤上的应用,...     

Biological and molecular characterization of Potato yellow blotch virus,a new species of the genus Potyvirus

A new species of the genus Potyvirus infecting potatoes, with the proposed name Potato yellow blotch virus (PYBV), was discovered in a breeding line 99m-022-026 in Scotland. The infected plants show isolated yellow blotches on the leaves. The genome of PYBV contains a large open reading frame encoding a single polyprotein of 3054 amino acids. Sequence analysis shows that PYBV is closely related to Potato virus A (PVA), with an overall 72% identity at the nucleotide level for the whole genome. The least conserved P1 protease gene shares only 50% nucleotide identity with PVA. The host range of PYBV was comparable to PVA on solanaceaous and non-solanaceous indicator plant species with the exception of Solanum demissum A and Y. Different symptoms were also observed for PYBV and PVA in Nicotiana benthamiana, Nicotiana hesperis and Nicotiana occidentalis P1. The susceptibility of potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars to PYBV and PVA was similar. In over 5 years of investigation, PYBV has not been found in commercial seed and ware potato crops in Scotland.     

Interactions between isolates of Puccinia smyrnii, an autoecious, demicyclic rust and accessions of Smyrnium olusatrum

Plants derived from bulked seed samples of Smyrnium olusatrum collected from small patches of plants in Anglesey, Gwynedd, Shropshire and Suffolk were all susceptible, but expressed quantitative differences in disease severity, when inoculated with either aeciospores or teliospores of Puccinia smyrnii from the same or similar locations under controlled environmental conditions. Latent periods (mean 16 and 11 days for appearance of telia and spermagonia, respectively) were longer in 1996 compared with repeat inoculation in 1997 when the rust was more severe. Summation of mean numbers for each year of both aecia and telia, for rust isolate × host accession combinations, showed significantly different numbers of aecia in both years but not of telia. Incidence and severity of P. smyrnii varied on plants derived from seed from Anglesey, Shropshire and Suffolk when transplanted into a naturally rust-affected population of S. olusatrum at Gwynedd, but all plants were susceptible. Experimental transfer of spermatia between spermagonia confirmed that P. smyrnii is heterothallic.