不同穗型小麦品种小花发育成粒对氮肥的响应

为探索不同穗型小麦品种小花发育成粒对氮肥的响应,本试验以大穗型品种‘周麦16’和多穗型品种‘豫麦49’为供试材料,设置不同施氮水平0 kg(N)·hm~(-2)、180 kg(N)·hm~(-2)和360 kg(N)·hm~(-2),观察分析了两个穗型小麦品种小花发育动态模式和结实特性。结果显示,随着生长度日(GDD)的增加,不同氮水平下2品种小花发育动态变化趋势相似,小花分化均符合二次曲线方程模式,退化和败育符合一次线性方程,R2均达显著水平。大穗型品种‘周麦16’小花分化总数显著高于多穗型品种‘豫麦49’,在360 kg(N)·hm~(-2)处理差异极显著;大穗型品种‘周麦16’表现出随施氮量增加,小花分化和退化速率提高,有利于可孕小花的形成、增加结实粒数,最终180 kg(N)·hm~(-2)处理结实粒数显著高于其他处理,较360 kg(N)·hm~(-2)处理平均每穗粒数增加2.04粒;多穗型品种‘豫麦49’尽管分化小花总量不高,但小花退化和可孕小花败育速率较低,在180 kg(N)·hm~(-2)施氮水平表现出高的可孕小花数量和结实粒数,但与高施氮处理相比差异不显著。表明就增加穗粒数而言,两品种均以180 kg(N)·hm~(-2)较为适宜,从最终产量及产量构成分析结果来看,‘豫麦49’表现出与穗粒数相同的结果,而‘周麦16’在高施氮条件下可通过增加成穗数和穗粒数提高产量。     

华北山前平原农田生态系统氮通量与调控

针对华北太行山前平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田, 研究农田常规施肥[400 kg(N)·hm^-2·a^-1]条件下作物氮素吸收与损失通量过程, 并根据各氮素输出通量特征开展管理调控。研究结果表明, 全年小麦-玉米轮作农田系统氮输入总量为561~580 kg(N)·hm^-2, 输出量468~494 kg(N)·hm^-2, 两季作物总盈余86~93 kg(N)·hm^-2, 其中有机氮为24~36 kg·hm^-2。氨挥发和NO₃^--N 淋溶损失是该区域农田氮素损失的主要途径, 是氮肥利用率低的重要原因。平均每年因氨挥发而造成的肥料氮损失量为60 kg(N)·hm^-2, NO₃^--N 淋溶损失量为47~84kg(N)·hm^-2, 两者占施肥总量的30%。每年因硝化-反硝化过程造成的肥料损失很小, 仅为5.0~8.7 kg(N)·hm^-2。通过施肥后适时灌水、合理调控灌水时间与用量, 以及利用秸秆还田与肥料混合施用等管理措施可改善氮素的迁移和转化规律, 有效减少氨挥发和NO₃^--N 淋溶损失, 并结合缓/控释肥与精准施肥技术, 充分利用土壤本身矿质氮素, 可有效提高养分利用效率和作物产量, 改善农田生态环境与促进农业持续和谐发展。     

小麦苗期耐低氮基因型的筛选与评价

氮是作物吸收的第一大必需营养元素, 对作物生长发育具有不可替代的作用。大量研究表明, 不同基因型小麦对氮的吸收利用能力不同, 培育氮高效小麦品种是提高氮利用效率的根本途径, 而发掘耐低氮小麦种质资源是小麦氮高效育种的基础。为此, 本研究以30 个小麦-冰草远缘杂交的高代品系, 1 个小麦-黑麦远缘杂交的T1BL·1RS 易位系, 2 个"小偃54"×"京411"重组自交系群体中的品系, 以及13 个生产上的主栽品种为试验材料, 通过低氮胁迫和正常供氮2 个处理的苗期水培试验, 进行了耐低氮基因型的筛选与评价。方差分析显示, 13 个氮效率相关性状在2 种氮水平之间及各小麦基因型之间的差异均达到显著或极显著水平。主成分分析显示, 前3 个主成分累积贡献率达到81.2%, 已包含了大部分信息, 能够基本反映整体状况。其中, 相对茎叶吸氮量、相对植株吸氮量、相对根冠比、相对茎叶干重、相对植株干重、相对茎叶氮利用效率、相对根含氮量在3 个主成分中占较大的比重。综合评价结果显示, 在33 个小麦远缘杂交品系中08B41 得分最高, 为1.60,为最耐低氮的品系; 13 个主栽品中"科农9204"得分最高, 为2.10, 为耐低氮的品种。聚类分析显示, 46 份基因型小麦可划分为3 大类: 耐低氮型(15 份)、中间型(22 份)和低氮敏感型(9 份)。筛选出08B41、XJ19-1、08B8、08B10、08B13、08B25、WR9603、08B2、08B5 共9 份耐低氮远缘杂交高代品系, 及"科农9204"、"邯7086"、"河农827"、"石麦18"、"石4185"、"石新733"共6 份耐低氮主栽品种。这些耐低氮的基因型可作为小麦营养高效育种的种质资源, 本文并对小麦近缘种属在小麦营养高效遗传改良中的作用进行了讨论。     

The effect of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration on emissions of nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane from a wheat field in a semi-arid environment in northern China

There are no reports on the effects of elevated carbon dioxide [CO₂] on the fluxes of N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ from semi-arid wheat cropping systems. These three soil gas fluxes were measured using closed chambers under ambient (420 ± 18 μmol mol⁻¹) and elevated (565 ± 37 μmol mol⁻¹) at the Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment experimental facility in northern China. Measurements were made over five weeks on a wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Zhongmai 175). Elevated [CO₂] increased N₂O and CO₂ emission from soil by 60% and 15%, respectively, but had no significant effect on CH₄ flux. There was no significant interaction between [CO₂] and N application rate on these gas fluxes, probably because soil N was not limiting. At least 22% increase in C storage is required to offset the observed increase in greenhouse gas emissions under elevated [CO₂].     

太行山前平原区小麦玉米农艺节水技术集成模式综合评价

太行山前平原区小麦玉米农艺节水是解决当地水资源危机和地下水严重超采的重要途径。在前期以华北山前平原高产区作为重点研究区形成的种植节水品种、秸秆覆盖、调亏灌溉、生育期优化及株行距优化等小麦玉米农艺节水技术的基础上, 集成了常规模式(底墒水+拔节水+开花水)、综合节水模式(拔节水+开花水)、模式A(拔节水)和模式B(底墒水)等4 种小麦玉米农艺节水模式。本研究利用熵权综合评价法对4 种节水模式从生产效益、社会经济效益和生态效益方面进行技术经济评价。结果表明: 小麦玉米4 种节水模式的得分排序为综合节水模式＞模式A＞模式B＞对照(常规模式), 因此小麦玉米综合节水模式综合效益最优。从4种节水模式的投入产出看, 综合节水模式肥料投入最低, 投入产出比、纯收益、水分利用效率和水分经济利用效率最高。小麦玉米节水是未来发展的方向, 应该进一步提高农户农业节水意识, 利用多种手段, 促进农户采用小麦玉米节水技术优化模式。     

奶牛分子育种专题学习网站的建设构想

阐述了建设奶牛分子育种专题学习网站的意义和构想,规划了网站的主要内容和发展方向,为相关专业的研究者和从业人员提供参考。     

Inoculation of root microorganisms for sustainable wheat-rice and wheat-black gram rotations in India

The scarcity of non-renewable resources such as soils and fertilizers and the consequences of climate change can dramatically influence the food security of future generations. Mutualistic root microorganisms such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can improve plant fitness. We tested the growth response of wheat (Triticum aestivum [L.]), rice (Oriza sativa [L.]) and black gram (Vigna mungo [L.], Hepper) to an inoculation of AMF and PGPR alone or in combination over two years at seven locations in a region extending from the Himalayan foothills to the Indo-Gangetic plain. The AMF applied consisted of a consortium of different strains, the PGPR of two fluorescent Pseudomonas strains (Pseudomonas jessenii, R62; Pseudomonas synxantha, R81), derived from wheat rhizosphere from one test region. We found that dual inoculation of wheat with PGPR and AMF increased grain yield by 41% as compared to un-inoculated controls. Yield responses to the inoculants were highest at locations with previously low yields. AMF or PGPR alone augmented wheat grain yield by 29% and 31%, respectively. The bio-inoculants were effective both at Zero and at farmers’ practice fertilization level (70 kg N ha⁻¹, 11 kg P ha⁻¹ in mineral form to wheat crop). Also raw protein (nitrogen × 5.7) and mineral nutrient concentration of wheat grains (phosphorus, potassium, copper, iron, zinc, manganese) were higher after inoculation (+6% to +53%). Phosphorus use efficiency of wheat grains [kg P grain kg⁻¹ P fertilizer] was increased by 95%. AMF and PGPR application also improved soil quality as indicated by increased soil enzyme activities of alkaline and acid phosphatase, urease and dehydrogenase. Effects on rice and black gram yields were far less pronounced over two cropping seasons, suggesting that AMF and PGPR isolated from the target crop were more efficient. We conclude that mutualistic root microorganisms have a high potential for contributing to food security and for improving nutrition status in southern countries, while safeguarding natural resources such as P stocks.     

嗜鞣管囊酵母木糖发酵乙醇高产突变株选育及其发酵特性

目前能够利用木糖发酵产乙醇的菌株很少且产量较低,对菌株进行诱变选育,可以提高其对木质纤维集的利用率.本试验选择嗜鞣管囊酵母As2.1585为原始菌株,采用15keV的低能氮离子进行注入诱变.随着注量的增加,菌体存活率曲线呈"马鞍型",综合考虑其存活率和正突变率,确定最佳诱变注量为12.5×1014ions/cm2,对诱...     

灌溉和旱作条件下腐植酸复合肥对小麦生理特性及产量的影响

为探讨不同供水条件下腐植酸复合肥对小麦的生物学效应, 研究了腐植酸复合肥在灌溉和旱作两种条件下对小麦生理特性和产量的影响.结果表明, 两种供水条件下, 腐植酸复合肥均可显著提高0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层小麦根系鲜重和根系活力, 促进根系生长发育.腐植酸复合肥处理明显提高了小麦灌浆后期旗叶实际光化学效率(- PSⅡ)和光合电子传递速率(ETR), 尤以旱作条件下增加幅度较高.腐植酸复合肥处理小麦旗叶SOD活性明显提高, MDA含量降低, 有利于提高小麦活性氧清除能力, 延缓衰老.与化肥处理相比, 腐植酸复合肥处理小麦穗数和穗粒数增加, 产量显著提高, 且旱作小麦的增产幅度(10.26%)大于灌溉小麦(7.77%).表明旱作条件下, 腐植酸复合肥对小麦生理特性的改善作用更好, 增产幅度更大.     

Genetic diversity of winter wheat in Shaanxi province, China, and other common wheat germplasm pools

Cultivated Chinese wheat germplasm has been a valuable genetic resourcein international plant breeding. Landraces endemic to China are a geneticresource that is distinct from other wheat germplasm. Patterns of geneticdiversity among cultivated Chinese accessions and relationship to othergermplasm pools are unknown, despite the proven value and potential novelty. Theobjective of this work was to determine the level of genetic diversity withinimproved Chinese germplasm in the context of several other wheat germplasmpools. We analyzed a set of improved accessions cultivated from the 1940s to the1990s in Shaanxi province, China, using six simple sequence repeat (SSR) primerpairs and 30 restriction fragment length polymorphism - probe enzymecombinations (RFLP-PEC) previously used to characterize 21 geographically basedgermplasm pools. Shaanxi germplasm consists of three groups based on foreignintroductions from Italy, Australia, Denmark, and Russia. There was a decreasein genetic diversity among Shaanxi accessions cultivated in the 1970s and 1980sto the 1990s, and accession classifications based on primary decade ofcultivation were found to be significantly undifferentiated. The analysis of themean genetic distance among 22 geographically based pools of germplasm suggestsseveral regions are significantly undifferentiated. A vast majority of the totalamount of variation was found within pools; therefore, pools appear to belargely differentiated based on small differences in band relative frequency andfew if any unique bands. Previous studies have identified some Chinese landracepools as morphologically and genetically unique. The Shaanxi pool does not havethe same unique morphological or genetic features, nor is it more similar to thelandrace pools than other improved germplasm pools.