Dwindling resources and fragmentation of landscapes around parks: wetlands and forest patches around Kibale National Park,Uganda

Landscapes surrounding parks in most of the developing world, while still containing considerable biodiversity, also have rapidly growing human populations and associated agricultural development. Since the establishment of Kibale National Park first as a Crown Forest Reserve in 1932 and later as a park in 1993 in western Uganda, most access and resource extraction has been prohibited. The park has become nearly a complete island of forested land cover surrounded by intensive small-scale agriculture and some large-scale tea plantations, along with a network of wetland and forest patches. As the population grows outside the park and land becomes more scarce, remaining forests and wetlands are being used more intensively for material resources (e.g., fuelwood, building poles) and converted to other land uses (e.g., pasture, agriculture). This study uses both discrete and continuous data analyses of satellite imagery to examine these diminishing resource bases at the landscape level placing the results within the social context of conservation and parks. Findings reveal that the park boundaries have remained fairly intact whereas, the landscape surrounding the park has become increasingly fragmented. From a landscape perspective, while the park has indeed maintained its forest cover, it has become increasingly islandized with wetland and forest patches in the surrounding landscape becoming smaller in number and size. Those that have survived are now more isolated and even lower productivity than in 1984, which may be a precursor to their eventual loss in this landscape.     

极旱荒漠区湿地植被动态变化监测——以甘肃敦煌阳关国家级自然保护区为例

利用1988—2016年共541幅Landsat 5 TM和Landsat 8 OLI影像,计算了极旱荒漠区中西土沟和渥洼池湿地植被（以芦苇为主）的归一化植被指数(NDVI),分别从NDVI,湿地植被面积和平均NDVI这3个方面对湿地植被特征进行分析,对敦煌阳关国家级自然保护区（以下称阳关保护区）内的渥洼池和西土沟湿地植被进行植被覆盖度估算,判断其变化。根据谷歌影像和现地调查,确定NDVI >0.1是识别西土沟和渥洼池湿地植被的最佳阈值,通过对保护区湿地植被的统计计算,研究其变化趋势。研究发现,渥洼池和西土沟的湿地植被都有明显的增加趋势。     

Soil heterogeneity effects on O2 distribution and CH4 emissions from wetlands: In situ and mesocosm studies with planar O2 optodes and membrane inlet mass spectrometry

The importance of soil heterogeneity for methane emission from a wetland soil is assessed by in situ point measurements of depth-specific O₂ and CH₄ concentrations and simultaneous soil CH₄ fluxes at contrasting water levels. Profile measurements, and associated assumptions in their interpretation, were validated in a controlled mesocosm drainage and saturation experiment applying planar O₂ optodes and membrane inlet mass spectrometry. Results show that peat soil is heterogeneous containing dynamic macropore systems created by both macrofauna and flora, which facilitate preferential flow of water, O₂ and CH₄ and vary temporally with changes in the moisture regime. The O₂ content above the water table after drainage varied horizontally from 0 to 100% air saturation within few mm. Oxic zones were observed below the water level and anoxic zones were observed in layers above the water level in periods up to days after changes in the water level. This study shows that although water table position is a competent proxy of soil CH₄ fluxes at larger spatio-temporal scales, it becomes inadequate at higher spatial resolution, i.e. at the scale of the soil pedon and below. High resolution O₂ measurements using planar O₂ optodes have great potential to enhance our understanding of the effect of the water table position on O₂ dynamics on scales of several cm to mm in wetland soils.     

我国北方水陆交错带的功能与发展方向研究

概述了我国北方水陆交错带的几种常见形式,通过分析我国北方治理农业面源污染的实例,总结出农业排水沟渠、湿地塘、河流缓冲带等水陆交错带在防治农业面源污染方面的生态功能。在讨论水陆交错带研究状况和应用前景的基础上,提出了上述几种主要水陆交错带应用的发展方向。     

扎龙湿地土壤养分与土壤微生物特性

以扎龙自然湿地典型的芦苇沼泽生境为研究对象,分析了土壤养分与土壤微生物特性在不同土层(0～15 cm,15～30 cm)中的分布规律.结果表明,随着土层深度的增大,土壤有机质、全N、全P、水解性氮、速效钾、细菌、真菌、放线菌以及微生物量碳和氮质量分数、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性均显著...     

湿地铁的生物地球化学循环及其环境效应

湿地位于水陆过渡地带,干湿交替引起的氧化还原变化是湿地中最为典型、普遍的现象.铁作为湿地中的主要氧化还原物质,它的变化对湿地环境具有重要的指示性作用.本文介绍了湿地中铁的时空分布及其转化规律,指出湿地铁循环的影响因素,分析了湿地铁循环在湿地土壤形成、湿地植物的生理生态、湿地的物质循环、环境指示等方面的效应;最后对湿地铁循环研究中的存在问题及发展方向提出几点建议.     

Alteration of soil microbial communities and water quality in restored wetlands

Land usage is a strong determinant of soil microbial community composition and activity, which in turn determine organic matter decomposition rates and decomposition products in soils. Microbial communities in permanently flooded wetlands, such as those created by wetland restoration on Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta islands in California, function under restricted aeration conditions that result in increasing anaerobiosis with depth. It was hypothesized that the change from agricultural management to permanently flooded wetland would alter microbial community composition, increase the amount and reactivity of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compounds in Delta waters; and have a predominant impact on microbial communities as compared with the effects of other environmental factors including soil type and agricultural management. Based on phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, active microbial communities of the restored wetlands were changed significantly from those of the agricultural fields, and wetland microbial communities varied widely with soil depth. The relative abundance of monounsaturated fatty acids decreased with increasing soil depth in both wetland and agricultural profiles, whereas branched fatty acids were relatively more abundant at all soil depths in wetlands as compared to agricultural fields. Decomposition conditions were linked to DOC quantity and quality using fatty acid functional groups to conclude that restricted aeration conditions found in the wetlands were strongly related to production of reactive carbon compounds. But current vegetation may have had an equally important role in determining DOC quality in restored wetlands. In a larger scale analysis, that included data from wetland and agricultural sites on Delta islands and data from two previous studies from the Sacramento Valley, an aeration gradient was defined as the predominant determinant of active microbial communities across soil types and land usage.     

杭州湾4种植物盐胁迫下种子萌发能力与分布的关系

为了探明杭州湾湿地植物碱蓬Suaedaeglauc0,南方碱蓬Suaed austrdis,芦苇Phragmites australis和野艾蒿Artemisia lavandulacfolia等各自生境土壤盐分高低是否和种子在盐分胁迫下的萌发能力相一致。试验比较了它们所在生境的土壤含盐量、pH值及含水率,测定了4种植物种子在不同质量浓度氯化钠（NaCl）（0～50g·L-1）溶液处理下的萌发率,并分析了土壤含盐量、pH值和含水率和20g·L-1氯化钠溶液处理的种子萌发率之间的相关性。结果表明,各物种生境土壤含盐量顺序是南方碱蓬〉碱蓬〉芦苇〉野艾蒿;土壤pH值为芦苇〉野艾蒿〉南方碱蓬和碱蓬：土壤含水率为碱蓬〉芦苇〉南方碱蓬〉野艾蒿。氯化钠溶液处理对4种种子萌发率都有显著影响,萌发率随盐分质量浓度增加而下降：同一盐分质量浓度下．萌发率高低顺序依次是碱蓬〉南方碱蓬〉芦苇〉野艾蒿。复水后氯化钠溶液处理的种子萌发率都显著提高．但不同物种萌发率高低顺序和复水前相同。相关分析表明．土壤含盐量和不同种子在20g·L-1氯化钠胁迫下的萌发率是显著相关的。这些结果表明,土壤含盐量是限制上述4种种子萌发的重要因素：4种植物的分布是和它们各自生境的盐分高低条件和种子在盐分胁迫条件下的萌发能力相关的。图2表2参17     

贵州省湿地资源现状、问题及对策

该文综述了贵州省第二次湿地资源的调查范围、区划条件及其特点，针对贵州省湿地保护中存在的问题提出了相应的对策。     

Patch and landscape characteristics associated with the distribution of woodland amphibians in an agricultural fragmented landscape: an information-theoretic approach

In the Midwestern United States, agricultural landscapes with scattered patches of fragmented forest are common. To investigate the relationship between amphibian distributions and wetland, woodlot, and landscape characteristics, we studied the pond-breeding amphibians within a 15,450-ha plot in rural north-central Ohio. We surveyed 25 woodlots and one area of continuous riparian forest for amphibians, and each surveyed woodland contained at least one temporary wetland. We used Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to evaluate the effectiveness of 13 a priori models in predicting total amphibian species richness, anuran richness, caudate richness, and the presence of individual species in woodlots. We identified 13 species of amphibians within the study plot, and every woodlot contained at least one amphibian species. The most important variable in predicting total amphibian and anuran species richness was hydroperiod. For caudates, woodlot edge-to-area ratio, hydroperiod, pH, and ammonia were important characteristics in predicting species richness. Woodlots within agricultural landscapes are important refuges for amphibians.