黑龙江省湿地GIS空间数据库的建立

以CIS技术为手段,在收集大量有关湿地材料的基础上,完成了黑龙江省湿地GIS空间数据库的建立,利用此数据库．可以进行图形信息与属性信息的双重查询,同时可以构造条件表达式,进行复杂的查询。比较全面、系统地尽映出黑龙江省湿些的数量、类型、生态特征、地理分布、主要保护动植物以及与湿地相关的自然保护区。将CIS技术用于全省湿地保护与管理,可以节省大量人力、物力和财力,达到生态效益、经济效益和社会效益的统一。     

Valley morphology and sediment cascades within a wetland system in the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg Foothills,Eastern South Africa

Sedimentological connectivity within drainage systems may be controlled spatially by ‘pockets’ of intact valley fill, alluvial fans impinging laterally on mainstem rivers, floodouts impinging longitudinally on valley floors, and downstream resistant rock bands and their effect on valley width. Where local conditions favor prolonged inundation of the uppermost ~ 0.5 m of the sediment surface, these environments of deposition host wetlands that provide several ecosystem services to society. In this paper, we examine the long-term (millennia), large-scale mediation of connectivity by geological and geomorphological controls, highlighting the relationship between drainage disconnectivity and wetland origin, and appraise ongoing rehabilitation efforts in light of the long-term natural dynamic. The paper uses a wetland system in the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg Foothills, eastern South Africa, as a case study, focusing particular attention on part of the system in which cut-and-fill processes are evident, and proceeds, using observations from this and other similar wetland systems in the region, to discuss successive breaks in connectivity with increasing spatial scale and time. Implications for valley morphology are discussed, and channel incision is shown to play an important role in long-term valley and wetland morphodynamics in certain geomorphological settings, creating a diversity of geomorphological features and hydrological regimes. Thus, rehabilitation practitioners should focus on interventions that improve or stabilize desired functional outcomes, rather than on restoring or maintaining what is perceived to be ‘the natural dynamic’ in which erosion is absent.     

小型养猪场废水处理生物生态组合工艺设计与应用研究

鉴于小型养猪场废水污染成分复杂、处理能力有限等特点,选择生物生态组合工艺作为小型养猪场废水处理的关键技术和工艺。本研究以江西某养猪场为研究对象,基于目前推广的干清粪工艺,设计了一套以“源分离-氧化塘-立体生物滤池-人工湿地”组合工艺处理养猪废水的工程技术方案,并进行效果评价,以满足小型养猪场废水处理经济性和高效性要求。研究结果认为该生物生态组合工艺具有良好的污染物去除效能,出水水质达到《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB18596-2001)的一级排放标准。     

Status, distribution and long-term changes in the waterbird community wintering in Doñana, south-west Spain

The Guadalquivir Marshes or Doñana wetland complex is the most important wintering site for migratory waterbirds in the Mediterranean region. However, there is a lack of previous information on the status of different species in this area. Using monthly aerial counts conducted from 1978 to 2005, we analysed the size of wintering populations of 21 waterbird species, their distribution within the Guadalquivir Marshes, and their long-term population trends. We used Underhill indices to replace missing values and to correct for flocks of unidentified ducks. Based on long-term means, we identified 16 species whose populations at Doñana exceed 1% of the biogeographical flyway population. For at least 1 month of the year, mean counts were around 10% of the flyway population for six species. The natural, temporary marshes of Doñana National Park were particularly important for Anatidae, ricefields for gulls, white storks and grey herons, fish ponds for flamingos, cormorants and avocets, and salt pans for shelduck. Four Anatidae species have undergone long-term declines and eight non-Anatidae have undergone long-term increases. Population trends were related with trophic guild, migratory status and habitat use. Winter visitors and herbivorous species showed more negative trends than resident, omnivorous-carnivorous species. Those species concentrated in strictly-protected natural marshes have tended to decline. The surface area of ricefields and fish ponds has increased over the study period, and bird species concentrated in these artificial wetlands have tended to increase. This raises questions about the value of waterbirds as flagship or umbrella species for wetland conservation.     

河南省湿地资源现状及保护策略

湿地被称为"地球之肾",具有重要的生态功能;湿地保护已被纳入森林河南生态建设十年规划。本文阐述了当前河南省湿地资源现状,分析了河南省湿地保护中存在的问题及形成原因,针对性地提出河南省湿地保护、开发和合理利用的对策。     

Influence of plant communities and soil properties on trace gas fluxes in riparian northern hardwood forests

Wetlands contribute significant amounts of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, yet little is known about what variables control gas emissions from these ecosystems. There is particular uncertainty about forested riparian wetlands, which have high variation in plant and soil properties due to their location at the interface between land and water. We investigated the fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and methane (CH₄) and associated understory vegetation and soil parameters at five northern hardwood riparian sites in the Adirondack Park, NY, USA. Gas fluxes were measured in field chambers 4 times throughout the summer of 2008. CO₂ flux rates ranged from 0.01 to 0.10 g C m⁻² h⁻¹, N₂O fluxes ranged from −0.27 to 0.65 ng N cm⁻² h⁻¹ and CH₄ flux rates ranged from −1.44 to 3.64 mg CH₄ m⁻² d⁻¹. Because we observed both production and consumption of N₂O and CH₄, it was difficult to discern relationships between flux and environmental parameters such as soil moisture and pH. However, there were strong relationships between ecosystem-scale variables and flux. For example, CO₂ and N₂O flux rates were most strongly related to percent plant cover, i.e., the site with the lowest vegetation cover had the lowest CO₂ and highest N₂O emissions. These ecosystem-scale predictive relationships suggest that there may be prospects for scaling information on trace gas fluxes up to landscape and regional scales using information on the distribution of ecosystem or soil types from remote sensing or geographic information system data.     

湿地及其保护对策

阐述了湿地的概念和功能,分析了湿地保护面临的问题,并提出了湿地合理利用与保护的措施。     

Agricultural and environmental changes after irrigation management transfer in the Develi Basin,Turkey

Develi Basin is a semi-arid basin in central Turkey where water sustains both irrigated agriculture and an internationally important wetland, the Sultan Marshes. Agricultural and environmental changes in the Develi Basin have occurred since irrigation management was transferred in 1994 from a state authority (DSI) to irrigation associations (Kovalı and Ağcaaşar IAs). In this paper we evaluate the practices of the IAs using extensive data from interviews with farmers and IA officials, as well as data from reports prepared by DSI and the IAs, using comparisons with case studies reported in the scientific literature. Irrigated areas and surface water use in the Develi Basin showed significant fluctuations from 1995 to 2003. The area allocated to high water-consuming plants increased. Maintenance activities became dependent on fee collection rates. Quality of the irrigation water did not changed significantly. Ground-water levels, flow rates from springs, and water levels in the Sultan Marshes all dropped. Overall analyses indicate that the water requirements of the Sultan Marshes have not been met, while water use for irrigation has been effective but not efficient. To reconcile agricultural and wetland water requirements, a basin-wide approach in water planning is recommended. Amounts of water to be allocated to the IAs and wetlands need to be clearly defined. DSI has to monitor canal maintenance by the IAs more closely, and IAs need to be given more responsibilities for future rehabilitation of the canals. Realistic water pricing, increased reliability of irrigation scheduling, higher on-farm irrigation efficiency, and in the long-term, modernization of the irrigation system need to be considered.     

Undesignated sites in Mexico qualifying as wetlands of international importance

Those sites designated under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat constitute the most important wetland conservation network at a global level, with more than 1000 sites of international importance. With only seven designated sites, waterfowl and wetlands in Mexico are evidently under-represented in the list. We identify 34 currently undesignated sites in Mexico that qualify as wetlands of international importance, based on waterfowl count data from 1991-1997, using the Ramsar Convention criteria based on waterfowl. Using a complementarity approach implemented by linear integer programming, the sites were prioritised into two categories on the basis of their importance for designation. Twelve sites were categorised as Priority 1 (higher), and 22 sites as Priority 2 (lower). The Priority 1 set has held a waterfowl count average of 1.2 million individuals, and between 1% (ruddy duck, Oxyura j. jamaicensis) and 51% (black brant, Branta bernicla nigricans) of the populations of 10 species of waterfowl, and includes sites from eight biogeographic regions.     

Dwindling resources and fragmentation of landscapes around parks: wetlands and forest patches around Kibale National Park,Uganda

Landscapes surrounding parks in most of the developing world, while still containing considerable biodiversity, also have rapidly growing human populations and associated agricultural development. Since the establishment of Kibale National Park first as a Crown Forest Reserve in 1932 and later as a park in 1993 in western Uganda, most access and resource extraction has been prohibited. The park has become nearly a complete island of forested land cover surrounded by intensive small-scale agriculture and some large-scale tea plantations, along with a network of wetland and forest patches. As the population grows outside the park and land becomes more scarce, remaining forests and wetlands are being used more intensively for material resources (e.g., fuelwood, building poles) and converted to other land uses (e.g., pasture, agriculture). This study uses both discrete and continuous data analyses of satellite imagery to examine these diminishing resource bases at the landscape level placing the results within the social context of conservation and parks. Findings reveal that the park boundaries have remained fairly intact whereas, the landscape surrounding the park has become increasingly fragmented. From a landscape perspective, while the park has indeed maintained its forest cover, it has become increasingly islandized with wetland and forest patches in the surrounding landscape becoming smaller in number and size. Those that have survived are now more isolated and even lower productivity than in 1984, which may be a precursor to their eventual loss in this landscape.