新疆春小麦育成品种耐热性评价

为筛选出耐热性好的小麦种质材料,通过开花期至成熟期人工模拟高温胁迫环境,以千粒重热感指数为主要评价指标,评价了新疆近30年来审定的春小麦品种的相对耐热性,并分析了高温胁迫对小麦籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋含量的影响。结果表明,与自然生长相比,高温胁迫条件下新疆春小麦育成品种的千粒重、籽粒宽度的变化均达到了极显著水平（P<0.01）,籽粒长度变化不显著(P>0.05),不同品种间耐热性存在很大差异。综合三年千粒重热感指数（HSI）分析,耐热性相对较好的品种有17个,连续三年HSI＜1的品种有11个,其中新春37号、新春2号、新春38号在高温胁迫条下千粒重变化较小,产量较稳定,为强耐热品种;对高温敏感品种有26个,连续三年HSI≥1的品种有13个,其中新春13号、新春18号、新春33号耐热性相对较弱。高温胁迫影响小麦籽粒的品质,其中13.95%的品种蛋白质含量降低,6.98%的品种湿面筋含量降低,其他品种高温胁迫后籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋含量均较自然生长有所提高。     

不同土壤有机碳测定方法的比较

对土壤碳的准确定量是研究土壤肥力和农业固碳的前提。本文选择我国不同有机碳和无机碳含量的8个代表性土壤/沉积物样品,比较湿氧化法、酸洗法和间接法三类方法对有机碳含量的测定效果。研究结果表明:对有机碳含量为3.4~11.5 g/kg的土壤和沉积物样品,湿氧化法有较低的平均相对误差(0.32%~4.72%)和变异系数(0.40%~1.22%),间接法的平均相对误差(5.16%~20.46%)和变异系数(0.60%~7.00%)都较高,而酸洗法介于这两个方法之间。说明在保持稳定准确的加热温度情况下,湿氧化法对土壤/沉积物有机碳含量的测定比较稳定和准确,且操作简单。对大部分样品,由于酸对土壤无机碳难以充分溶解,造成酸洗法和间接法的有机碳测定值偏高,且变异系数较大。     

Recovery of organic carbon by the walkley and black procedure in highly weathered soils

Abstract

The effect of soil series, cultivation, soil depth, and parent material on the correction factor which should be applied to organic carbon values determined by the method of Walkley and Black, has been examined using 450 low‐activity‐clay soil samples from high rainfall tropical Queensland. There were minimal effects due to soil depth, and differences between virgin and cultivated soils were greatest in soils formed on beach sands. However, soils formed on granitic or metamorphic rocks require a factor of 1.24, whereas the originally recommended factor of 1.32 (Walkley and Black) has been confirmed for soils formed on basalt, alluvium, and beach sands.     

干湿耦合厌氧发酵工艺设计与发酵特性试验

针对目前大中型沼气工程存在原料单一及沼液沼渣处理难的问题,提出了干法发酵与湿法发酵相结合的干湿耦合厌氧发酵工艺,即畜禽粪便采用湿发酵,将湿法发酵产生的沼液沼渣与秸秆混合进行干法发酵.并研究了干湿耦合比例——沼液沼渣与秸秆比例(BRSR)及干法发酵渗滤液回流对发酵特性的影响,结果表明,随着湿干比例的增加启动时间缩短、产气量增加;干法发酵的渗滤液总固体质量分数为1％以下,达到了固液分离的效果,有利于循环利用和喷淋,解决了湿法厌氧发酵沼液沼渣处理难的问题,实现了沼液的循环利用.     

Nitrification Inhibitor Effects on Nitrous Oxide Emission,Nitrogen Transformation,and Maize (Zea mays L.) Yield in Loamy Sand Soil in Thailand

The nitrification inhibitors (NIs) effects on soil nitrogen (N) fates and maize yields were investigated in a loamy-sand soil in Thailand. The treatments were chemical fertilizer (CF) and CF with dicyandiamide (DCD) or neem oil at two rates of 5% and 10%. Compared to the CF plot, DCD and neem oil reduced the cumulative nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission by the equivalent of 26% and 10%, respectively (P < 0.05). DCD and neem oil had a positive effect in slowing ammonium (NH₄⁺)-conversion and prolonging NH₄⁺-N in the soil with a maximum efficiency of 45% and 30%, respectively. NO₃^–N was higher in the NI plots (P < 0.05), but the effect was less pronounced later in the growing season. Adding the NIs increased maize yields and N uptake, but was only significant (P < 0.10) for neem oil. Results indicate that applying NIs is an effective method to mitigate soil N losses and enhancing N use efficiency in a tropical, agricultural field.     

物理农业工程技术在南药发展中的应用现状

近年来,物理农业在我国北方地区受到重视,并在一些农业产业投入和运用,其技术价值和优点在生产过程已显示出来。随着物理农业工程技术在国际与国内市场的不断完善和发展,有可能成为我国第四代农业发展方向。以云南为例,分析当前南药发展现状,充分论述利用当地气候资源、地理优势及物理农业工程技术优势发展云南南药的必要性。并预测在发展过程中将要面临的各种困难,最后提出运用物理农业工程技术发展南药产业的建议。     

青藏高原湿草甸土壤氮组分对氮添加浓度的响应

为研究青藏高原湿草甸土壤氮组分对氮添加程度的响应规律,分析氮素大量输入生态系统后可能产生的环境和生态问题,本研究以青藏高原东北边缘碌曲县尕海-则岔国家自然保护区境内的湿草甸土壤为研究对象,设置空白对照(CK,0 g·m-2)、低浓度(N5,5 g·m-2)、中浓度(N10,10 g·m-2)和高浓度(N15,15 g·...     

植株中全硼测定方法的研究

以硝酸-高氯酸为湿灰化法的氧化剂,不同植物材料为试验对象,干灰化法的测试结果为参比,探讨研究湿灰化法测定植株全硼的可行性。结果表明:湿灰化法测定植株全硼含量与干灰化法的结果基本一致,利用湿灰化法进行样品消解是可行的,这为批量测试植株中的全硼含量提供了有益的探索。     

婴幼儿配方奶粉研究进展

婴幼儿配方奶粉是非母乳喂养婴儿最重要的营养来源,我国婴幼儿配方奶粉市场需求巨大,但基础营养与加工技术研究起步较晚。本文从母乳营养需求、配方奶粉标准和奶粉基料研发等方面,详细介绍了婴幼儿配方奶粉的营养学研究进展;从干法与湿法等生产工艺对配方奶粉特性的影响方面论述了婴幼儿配方奶粉加工技术的研究进展;同时也讨论了婴幼儿奶粉中存在的危害风险,为我国婴幼儿配方奶粉在基料选择、生产技术和产业发展方面提供参考。     

Evaluation of grape stalks as a bioresource

The compositional characteristics of grape stalk in terms of lignin, sugars, ash, extractives and tannins contents were established. The biomass composition of grape stalk is 34% lignin, 36% cellulose, 24% hemicellulose and 6% tannins. The tannins, analysed by solution ¹³C NMR, were essentially of procyanidin type and the dichloromethane extractives fraction, characterized by GC-MS, was mainly composed of fatty acids. Different processes for the pretreatment of grape stalk were compared. Due to the high content of lignin and tannins, dilute sulfuric acid and ethanol organosolv pretreatments resulted in a low degree of delignification. However, a wet oxidation process permitted a significant reduction of the Klason lignin content of the pulp with a good carbohydrate recovery and improved enzymatic digestibility.