刈割强度对大针茅草原植物群落特征和土壤理化性质的影响

探究不同刈割强度对大针茅典型草原植物群落特征以及土壤理化性质的影响,可为大针茅草原制定合理科学的刈割制度提供理论依据。本研究以大针茅典型草原为对象,于2020年在内蒙古锡林浩特市毛登牧场刈割实验平台进行野外植被调查和取样。该实验平台于2014年建立,以不刈割为对照（CK）,设置轻度（LM）、中度（MM）及重度刈割（HM）3个处理。本研究通过计算物种重要值和多样性指数,测定植物群落地上、地下生物量以及土壤理化性质,探究群落特征与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明：1）与不刈割相比,不同刈割强度均增加了新物种,且中度刈割的物种数最多;与不刈割相比,不同刈割强度均显著增加了群落的丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数,且轻度刈割显著增加了优势度和均匀度指数,表明轻度刈割最有利于群落多样性的维持;不同刈割强度对大针茅草原的生产力均无显著影响;2）土壤全碳、全氮和pH均在中度刈割时最高,且显著高于不刈割,表明中度刈割对土壤养分有积极影响;3）硝态氮是影响草地生产力的主要土壤因子,土壤含水量是影响草地群落多样性的主要土壤因子。本研究可为大针茅典型草原群落结构、物种多样性以及生产力等方面的研究提供重要参...     

Study on Genetic Fingerprinting Technique of Microbial Communities

The 99% of all microorganisms in naturecannot be isolated by standard culture methods without conspicuous external characters to classify them morphologically. In addition, classification based on physiological or biochemical features are often fuzzy. Molecular techniques are used for uncultured microorganisms to explore the diversity of microbial communities and novel resources without the need of cultivation. DNA dynamics and cloning of PCR products obtained from environmental DNA is now routinely used to identify microbial populations in microbial ecology. For practical reasons the approach is not suited to study the complex dynamics of microbial communities in environment. Genetic fingerprinting techniques are better tools, which give complement for the traditional microbiological methods. The methods are rapid and relatively easy to perform, and they allow the simultaneous analysis of multiple samples, which makes it possible to compare the genetic diversity of microbial communities from different habitats, or to study the behaviour of individual communities over time.     

黔中玉米耕地土壤杂草种子库季节动态

对黔中玉米耕地土壤进行种子萌发试验,结果表明:玉米地杂草种子库共有44个物种出现,隶属16科40属。4个季节单位面积的种子萌发量Ⅰ季度8 609粒/m2>Ⅲ季度8 045粒/m2>Ⅱ季度6 491粒/m2>Ⅳ季度2 698粒/m2。狗尾草和水田碎米荠为上半年库中优势物种,下半年优势物种则为波斯婆婆纳。整体上随土壤层次的增加种子库存量相对减少,冬季活力种子萌发量最少;就物种多样性而言,种子库Shannon-W iener指数和Simpson指数均表现为Ⅱ>Ⅰ>Ⅲ>Ⅳ。     

Past, present and future criteria to breed crops for water-limited environments in West Africa

Asia's Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s has largely bypassed West Africa, and “modern” (high-yielding, input responsive) germplasm for staple crops has found comparatively little adoption, except for systems that are have good access to markets and sufficient water resources. It is unlikely, however, that breeding objectives conserving traditional crop characteristics as found in extensive systems would have been more successful. The authors identify systems caught in the agricultural transition from subsistence to intensified, market-oriented production as the most important target for crop improvement, and provide examples of new breeding objectives for cowpea, sorghum and upland rice. In each of these cases, breeders, with the help of physiologists, have developed innovative plant-type concepts that combine improved yield potential and input responsiveness with specific traditional crop characteristics that remain essential during the agricultural transition. In the case of cowpea, dual-purpose varieties were developed that produce a good grain yield due to an erect plant habit, then produce new leaves enabling a second harvest of green foliage. For upland rice systems that are limited by labour (mainly needed to control weeds that abound due to shortened fallow periods), a weed competitive plant type was developed from Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima crosses. Lastly, sorghum breeders who had previously deselected photoperiod sensitivity are now re-inserting sensitivity into plants having “modern” architecture, in order to allow for flexible sowing dates while maintaining an agro-ecologically optimal time of flowering near the end of the wet season. The ecophysiological basis of these plant types, their place in current and future cropping systems, as well as the problem of under-funding for their realisation, are discussed.     

Determination of vc and mating types of Cryphonectria parasitica isolates by multiplex PCR and their genetic diversity in 13 chestnut-growing provinces of Turkey

Vegetative compatibility (vc) and mating types and genetic diversity of Cryphonectria parasitica isolates were determined using 183 isolates obtained from 215 infected chestnut trees growing in 13 provinces of Turkey. Based on the cultural aspects, 143 of these isolates were evaluated as virulent whereas the remaining 40 isolates were hypovirulent. When vc types of 183 isolates were classically differentiated, 135 of them matched to EU-1 (82.3%), 29 of them to EU-12 (17.6%) vc type, whereas 19 of them did not match to the two. When molecular vic markers were used, all the isolates were assigned to two EU vc types; 149 to EU-1 (81.4%) and 34 (18.5%) to EU-12. Of the majority of the isolates, 134 (73.2%) had mating-type MAT-1, while 44 (24%) isolates had MAT-2 and 5 (2.8%) isolates had both mating types. The population analysis based on two DNA marker systems, Inter-Primer Binding Site and Start Codon Targeted Polymorphism, showed no intraspecific genetic variation among the C. parasitica isolates. The prevalence of two dominant vc types revealed by this study shows that biological control with hypovirulent EU-1 and EU-12 isolates will be significant for the country. The results might be helpful to chestnut breeders carrying out resistance breeding studies to manage this disease based on hypovirulence attributed to Cryphonectria hypovirus 1.     

Soil bacterial characteristics between surface and subsurface soils along a precipitation gradient in the Alxa Desert,China

Bacteria in desert soil have unique phylogeny and important ecological functions, and theirresponses to changes in precipitation need further attention. However, relevant studies have mainlyfocused on the surface soil, and studies on the responses of bacteria at different soil depths to variationsin precipitation are rare. Thus, we used 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing to investigate the changesin soil bacterial distribution along a mean annual precipitation gradient (50–150 mm) in the Alxa Desert,China, and compared the variation characteristics in the surface soil layer (0–10 cm) and subsurface soillayer (10–20 cm). Results showed that soil bacterial communities significantly changed along theprecipitation gradient in both soil layers. However, the subsurface soil layer could support bacterialcommunities with higher diversity and closer internal relationships but more internal competition than thesurface soil layer. Additionally, compared with the surface soil layer, variations in diversity andco-occurrence patterns in the subsurface soil layer were more in line with the changes in the mean annualprecipitation, while bacterial community structure was less variable in the subsurface soil layer. Comparedwith the mean annual precipitation, soil moisture had little influence on the structure and diversity of soilbacterial community but had a high correlation with intercommunity connectivity. Therefore, soilmoisture might play a complex role in mediating environmental conditions and soil bacterial communitycharacteristics. Due to the different responses of surface and subsurface soil bacteria to the changes inprecipitation, it is necessary to distinguish different soil layers when predicting the trends in desert soilbacterial conditions associated with precipitation, and prediction of subsurface soil bacteria may be moreaccurate.     

燕山板栗种质资源AFLP遗传多样性分析

为研究燕山板栗的遗传多样性,用扩增片段长度多态性(amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP)技术对44份板栗种质的遗传多样性及遗传距离进行分析,其中36份原产燕山地区的种质中有18份为野生种质和18份为栽培品种,另外8份为原产山东的品种.共检测了384个AFLP位点,有217个是多态性位点,占56.5%,这表明了所检测的板栗材料中存在着明显的遗传多样性.用NT.SYS软件对44份板栗种质进行聚类分析.所有材料聚成4个类群,其中燕山地区原产的板栗材料被聚为3个类群,山东起源的被聚类为1个独立的类群.在所分析的44份材料中,遗传距离在0.0292和0.2214之间.燕山板栗和外来板栗存在着明显的差异,本研究结果与本实验室用RAPD技术分析的结果是一致的.结果对这些板栗材料在育种中的应用具有重要指导意义.     

Microsatellite Marker Based Assessment of Genetic Diversity among Cultivars, Landraces and Wild Relatives in Rice

India being the primary center of origin for rice had a very large treasure of local land races, most of which are out of cultivation today. The exact genetic potential and their differences from commercial varieties and the magnitude of heterogeneity still present in them are not well catalogued. Hence the need to characterize the available land races has become imminent in the modem day concept of crop improvement （Rezai and Frey, 1990）. The present study addresses the utility of SSR markers in divulging the genetic relationships at molecular level among the major component factions office gennplasm viz., local cultivars, land races and wild species collected from a wide range of agro-geographical regions of Indian subcontinent.     

广东新会银湖湾湿地鸟类群落组成、多样性和保护策略

2006年8月～2007年7月,采用样带法,对广东省新会银湖湾湿地鸟类群落进行了研究,共记录70种,隶属13目28科48属.其中国家二级重点保护鸟类4种,广东省重点保护鸟类10种.东洋种35种,古北种26种,广布种9种.鸟类群落多样性以潮滩湿地最高,多样性指数3.514 0,均匀性指数0.881 1.新会银湖湾湿地鸟类资源丰富,分析了鸟类的重要性和稀缺性,开发建设必须正确处理湿地鸟类保护的关系,实现生态环境可持续发展,并提出了相应的保护策略.     

兰州市高校校园绿地群落物种组成及多样性分析

初步尝试采用天然群落样带调查法对兰州市几所具有代表性高校校园绿地群落进行调查,分析其物种组成、重要值及多样性等特征,为城市生态学研究及校园绿化建设提供理论根据。调查结果表明:5所院校绿化树种中被子植物种类数量均占绝对优势,裸子植物偏少,以蔷薇科、杨柳科、蝶形花科植物为主,显示出北方地域植被的特点;除甘肃农业大学外,其它4所院校绿化树种中的乡土种比例均高于栽培和外来种;甘肃省委党校校园物种种类丰富,均匀度指数较大,多样性较高;其它4所院校绿地群落多样性水平均不高。5所院校校园乔木层、灌木层Shannon-Weiner指数(H’)和Simpon指数的统计结果基本一致。