太湖流域春季底栖动物群落结构特征及水质评价

2010年春季对太湖流域14个湖泊、7座水库及8条河流的底栖动物进行了调查。共调查到底栖动物57种,隶属4门、8纲,其中水生昆虫(17种)和寡毛类(15种)物种数最多。霍甫水丝蚓为整个流域的绝对优势种。聚类分析表明,可将29个水体的底栖动物划分为10种群落类型,其中霍甫水丝蚓在15个水体中占绝对优势,铜锈环棱螺为5个水体的第一优势种。底栖动物平均密度和生物量分别为2 741.2个/m²和47.2 g/m²,寡毛纲在密度中占绝对优势(90.9%),双壳纲和腹足纲在生物量中占93.4%。密度河流最高、水库最低;生物量湖泊最高、水库最低,底栖动物类群数量组成水体类型间差异明显。物种多样性与丰富度和均匀度均显著相关,但更多地受均匀度的影响。水库、湖泊的Shannon多样性、物种丰富度、均匀度指数均显著高于河流,物种数差异接近显著水平。养殖型湖泊底栖动物密度显著高于非养殖型湖泊,生物量、Shannon和均匀度指数相反。Wright指数显示,太湖流域水库水质多处在清洁—轻污染等级,Shannon和BPI指数说明绝大多数湖泊和河流处在中—重污染水平。     

基于分水岭算法的绿色作物与背景分割研究

分水岭算法作为彩色图像分割手段的一种方法,具有运算简单,性能优良,能较好提取运动对象轮廓和准确得到运动物体边缘等优点。应用分水岭算法研究了绿色作物及其背景的分割,首先通过数码相机拍摄的一幅640×480田间青菜真彩色图像,在matlab中采用分水岭分割算法处理图像后提取其绿色分量,再用数学形态学闭运算处理后可以较好地分割绿色作物与背景。针对结果中存在的过分割现象,采用先计算图像的形态学梯度,再用分水岭算法分割可以使结果得到有效改善。     

基于MIKE SHE模型的干旱区节水灌溉对地下水位的影响研究

以新疆干旱区玛纳斯河流域莫索湾灌区150团为例,以2005年为基准年进行模型相关参数率定,以现状年2010年实测地下水数据进行模型验证,以2020年为规划年进行地下水预测,利用具有物理基础的分布式水文模型MIKE SHE模型模拟自然-人工复合水循环过程,并对比现状年与规划年节水灌溉情况及地下水模拟结果。结果表明,由节水灌溉比例的增加引起的地下水位下降值为0.021m,对地下水位下降变化的贡献比例为24.7%。     

Participatory technology development for incorporating non-timber forest products into forest restoration in Yunnan,Southwest China

Indigenous knowledge has become a topic of considerable interest within the research and development environment. Incorporating indigenous knowledge into state-led ‘top-down’ conservation and development programmes, however, is still a great challenge. This paper presents a case from Yunnan, Southwest China, in which indigenous knowledge has been integrated into the development of an agroforestry model with non-timber forest products for the Sloping Land Conservation Programme (SLCP) by using a participatory technology development (PTD) approach. This approach was adopted to increase the likelihood that technologies developed would be suitable for resource-poor households. It is expected that integrating indigenous and scientific knowledge, will lead to positive ecological and economic outcomes. Finally, the paper argues that the integration of indigenous knowledge in both forestry policy formulation and implementation is important in the context of sustainable forest management in mountain areas.     

Nitrogen balance and losses through drainage waters in an agricultural watershed of the Po Valley (Italy)

Sustainable agriculture requires assessments of nitrogen fluxes and monitoring of potential nitrate losses. Watershed studies are particularly valuable to calculate nitrogen balances and quantify the relative importance of different sources of inputs and outputs. A nitrogen balance was calculated from September 2004 to October 2006 in an agricultural watershed named Valle Volta (Northern Italy) located in a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone. The area, consisting of 17.4 km² of arable land, with limited presence of urban areas and roads, is entirely below the sea level (3 m b.s.l. in average). Soils are typically Vertic Cambisols and Thionic Fulvisols with fine texture (silty clay or silty clay loam). About 45% of the agricultural soil is pipe-drained. The ground water level is maintained at 4.6 m b.s.l. by the activity of pumps that raise excess waters into a river. Water fluxes in and out from the basin were daily registered, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentration (N–NO₃ + N–NH₄) analyzed periodically. Data about fertilizers applications, seeds and crop yield were obtained from farmers’ interviews. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) was estimated on the base of dry matter yield. Major N inputs derived from fertilizers (174–188 Mg watershed⁻¹ year⁻¹), followed by BNF (126–131 Mg watershed⁻¹ year⁻¹). Maize was the crop receiving the highest fertilization rates, accounting for more than 40% of total fertilizer inputs. Saleable products were the main form of N leaving the watershed (317–338 Mg watershed⁻¹ year⁻¹). Nitrate was the main N form in irrigation and efflux water; its concentration was higher from autumn to spring, with peaks of 10–20 mg N L⁻¹ in efflux water, while it was low in summer. Nitrogen losses with efflux water were higher in spring and in autumn. Overall, losses of nitrate by efflux water were limited if compared with literature data. Water balance in the area remained near zero at the beginning and the end of the first year, confirming the suitability of the area for this kind of study. The potential net contribution of each hectare of agricultural soil of Valle Volta basin to the N load toward the Adriatic sea is about 5.5 kg N. Our study demonstrated that in the Valle Volta watershed, total N outputs and inputs are of similar magnitude, indicating that crop management and especially N fertilization techniques has reached good levels of ecological sustainability.     

沙河流域非点源溶解态氮负荷模拟及源解析

利用通用流域负荷模型(GWLF)对沙河流域2006—2012年的溶解态氮(DN)负荷进行了定量分析和来源解析,并基于模型分析了各污染源的季节性差异。模型在沙河流域适用性良好,月径流和DN负荷在校准期和验证期的ENS和R2都大于0.6,模型具备可靠的模拟能力。模拟结果表明,沙河流域DN年均负荷以非点源污染为主,占总污染负荷的82.7%。在所有土地利用类型中,耕地的DN负荷贡献率最大(64.5%),表明人类影响下的农业生产活动是流域非点源污染最主要的来源。同时,沙河流域DN负荷污染源组成表现出明显的季节性差异,丰水期地表径流是最主要的污染源(47.0%),而枯水期农村生活污染源(45.0%)和点源(23.1%)贡献相对显著。因此,在制定负荷削减方案时,应考虑氮污染源的季节性。     

伏牛山区迎河小流域不同土地利用类型的土壤粒径分布特征

为探讨伏牛山区坡耕地土壤物理性能的退化特征,在河南省鲁山县迎河小流域,利用激光粒度仪和土壤分形模型,比较分析了4种土地利用类型的土壤粒径分布(PSD)及其分形特征.研究结果表明:1)土壤PSD简单分维(Dv)以乔木林地最高(2.658),坡耕地最低(2.489),多重分维(容量维D0、信息维D1、关联维D2)以乔木林地最高(0.941、0.926、0.91),坡耕地最低(0.927、0.899、0.849).不同分形参数均表现为:坡耕地＜灌草坡地和水平梯田＜乔木林地;2)土壤PSD的Dv、D0、D1和D2,与黏粒和粉粒体积分数显著正相关,与砂粒体积分数显著负相关.因此,利用土壤PSD简单分形和多重分形维数,可量化表征土壤质地的粗细程度和非均匀性质的差别;坡耕地土壤质地的粗粒化程度和非均匀性明显大于其他土地利用类型;土壤细粒(黏粒和粉粒)物质流失是坡耕地土壤质地粗粒化和非均匀程度增大的重要原因.     

流域森林生态服务准市场交易体系的构建

探讨了构建流域森林生态服务准市场交易体系的必要性,分析了构建流域森林生态服务准市场交易体系的基础,并从准市场交易体系的构建原则、准市场交易体系中的市场主体界定、市场交易成本及市场有效性的影响因素、流域森林生态服务市场的定价机制设计4个方面,分析了构建流域森林生态服务准市场交易体系的基本框架。     

县南沟流域种植业生态价值的测算与分析——基于碳汇视角

基于碳汇视角,用实地测量和农户调研数据测算了县南沟流域种植业的净碳汇量及其价值,以此表征种植业可实现的生态价值。结果表明:2001—2014年,种植业的生态价值总体上呈稳步递增趋势,由2001年的35.34万元增至2014年的901.71万元;种植业价值的演变过程可分为三个阶段,第一阶段（2001—2004年）,经济作物 > 粮食作物 > 苹果园;第二阶段（2005—2010年）,经济作物 > 苹果园 > 粮食作物;第三阶段（2011年至今）,苹果园 > 经济作物 > 粮食作物;苹果园、粮食作物、经济作物生态价值占生态经济总价值比例的均值分别为58.22%,31.19%,3.60%,突显了生态价值的重要作用,为此在农业生产中,应综合考虑生态价值和经济价值来优化种植结构,发展低碳农业。