黄土高原地区草场效益多目标评价

本文从整个黄土高原地区草场的现状与发展战略的角度,运用多目标优化方法,对黄土高原11类草场资源进行综合评价,为合理有效地利用天然草场,发展畜牧业提供科学依据。     

紫色土发育成的水稻土微团粒结构中有机－无机复合体的性质

This paper deals with characteristics of organo-mineral complexing of microaggregates in the paddy soils developed from purple soils in Sichuan, China. Results show that the contents of organic matter in microaggregates are in the order of 1-0.25 mm > smaller than 0.05 mm > 0.05-0.25 mm. But the organic matter in 1-0.01 mm microaggregates accounts for 68.1%-78.7% of that in soil. The organic matter in < 0.05 mm microaggregates is complexed humus on the whole, of which the degree of organo-mineral complexing varies between 96.1% and 99.5%, which is higher than that of the soil or > 0.05 mm microaggregates. The contents of loosely combined humus and the ratios of loosely and tightly combined humus markedly decline with the size of microaggregates. Flesh soil humus formed from semi-decomposed organic material or organic manure added is combined first with < 0.001 mm clay, and then aggregated with other organic and mineral particles to form larger microaggregates, in which the aging of humus happens at the same time; whereas organic matter of the light fraction is mainly involved in the formation of > 0.05 mm microaggregates.     

水稻温敏不育系育性鉴定及繁种水温处理系统的设计和应用

水稻温敏不育系育性敏感期处于某种温度条件下表现雄性不育，与父本可配制杂交种；处于另一温度条件下则可育，能自交繁殖种子。使不育过渡到可育的育性转换温度决定着两系法杂交稻制种风险的大小。因此，确定水稻温敏不育系的育性转换温度，筛选导致不育起点温度低的温敏不育系已成为水稻两系法育种的技术关键。本研究的处理系统利用空调机制冷、加热，温控仪自动控温，水温在17～30℃之间可调。水温控制池与植株处理池中的水不断循环，从而达到植株处理池中的水温长期稳定，保持在研究所需要的范围内，完全能满足温敏不育系育性鉴定与繁种的要求     

黑河中游绿洲林业生态工程体系框架设计

黑河中游是我国西北干旱区开发历史较早,绿洲化程度较高的第二大内陆河流域.用林业生态工程体系的理论与方法,构筑了黑河中游绿洲生态环境建设的总体目标和框架,并提出了关键的技术措施,为西部大开发和河西走廊生态环境建设提供决策依据和参考.     

花岗岩地区坡耕地径流泥沙观测试验研究

本文总结分析了三年来对花岗岩地区坡耕地径流泥沙的观测试验资料, 得出以下结论: 1.荒坡地的泥沙流失量大于作物地; 2.作物地覆盖度低于30%以下则比荒坡地的泥沙流失量要大; 3.大于25°的坡耕地, 头两年产量虽然较好, 但第3年以后产量大幅度下降, 并造成大量的泥沙流失, 故种多年生植物为佳。 同时通过试验研究表明: 在花岗岩地区, 泥沙流失量多数来源于坡耕地。 因此搞好坡耕地的综合治理, 是防治水土流失提高单位面积产量的关键措施。     

松嫩平原两种覆被盐渍化特征的时空变化研究

对2003年6～10月羊草草地和大豆地的盐渍化特征(含水量、pH值和含盐量)的动态变化进行分析，并对比2种土地覆被类型之间的变化差异，结果发现：羊草草地和大豆地含水量变化与采样区降雨量的变化有相同趋势，但在采样初期和末期，大豆地含水量要大于羊草草地；对于pH值和含盐量，在土壤剖面0～60cm，两种覆被类型不同层次动态变化一致，大豆地变化的一致性可达到更深层次，但是其峰值要比羊草草地滞后20天左右出现，同时2种土地覆被类型pH值和含盐量的峰值均滞后于含水量的峰值。单因素方差分析表明采样期内2种土地覆被含水量在剖面40～80cm差异显著，而pH值则是在整个剖面都有显著差异，含盐量在20～60cm剖面深度差异显著。2种覆被类型各个剖面深度10月17日的pH值、含水量比6月7日有所上升，含盐量则刚好相反。     

半干旱黄土丘陵区坡耕地土壤容许流失量研究

在理论分析、试验观测、外业调查的基础上,从黄土成土速度、坡耕地表土养分平衡、保持坡耕地土地生产力基本稳定、黄河河道的容许来沙量、当地经济的不断发展及土壤培肥和施肥能力的巨大潜力等角度综合分析,确定2.00t/(hm~2·a)作为半干旱黄土丘陵区坡耕地的土壤容许流失量,在较长时期内是比较合理的。     

Populations of methanogenic bacteria in paddy field soil under double cropping conditions (rice-wheat)

The methanogenic populations able to use H₂–CO₂, methanol, and acetate were investigated in paddy field soil in situ under double cropping conditions [rice (Oryza sativa L.) as a summer crop under flooded conditions and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as an upland winter crop] over 2 years approximately bimonthly by the most probable number method. Three fields, one without fertilizer, one treated with inorganic fertilizer (mixed fertilizer including urea, ammonium phosphate, and potassium sulfate), and one treated with wheat straw plus inorganic fertilizer, were examined. The population of H₂–CO₂, methanol, and acetate utilizers in the paddy field soil at a depth of 1–6 cm was 10³–10⁴, 10⁴–10⁵, and 10⁴–10⁵ g^-1 dry soil, respectively. These values were almost constant during the 2 years irrespective of moisture regime (flooded or nonflooded), crop (rice or wheat), fertilizer treatment, and soil depth (0–1, 1–10, and 10–20 cm).     

麦秸还田及水稻氮肥配施技术研究

通过麦秸直接还田和水稻氮肥配施技术的研究表明 :经过三熟作物秸秆连续还田 ,土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾显著地增加 ;秸秆全量还田 ,水稻产量随秸秆还田量增加而提高 ,秸秆还田量 5 4 0 0 kg/ hm2 的产量比不还田的增产 6 .6 % ;全生育期氮肥配比以前∶中∶后期为 6 .5∶0 .5∶ 3为最佳。