A tool for community-based assessment of the implications of development on water security in hillside watersheds

Development and population growth in Latin American countries with steep slope farming are likely to further increase pressures on water and land resources. A methodology was developed for assessing water availability and use under different development pathways at a watershed scale to determine whether water security is a potential problem, and if so, under what conditions it is likely to occur. This methodology makes use of a GIS-based spatial water budget model for simulating stream water availability, water use and stream flow control on a daily basis at a watershed scale. Here, we analysed water availability under three plausible development scenarios for the 3246 ha Cabuyal River watershed in southwest Colombia in the year 2025: Corporate Farming (CF), Ecological Watershed (EW), and Business as Usual (BU). Simulated average river flows at the watershed outlet were, respectively, 874, 796 and 925 l s⁻¹ for the CF, EW and BU scenarios. The contribution of base flow to river flow (base flow index) was on average, 80.8, 85.6 and 77.9%, respectively, for the three scenarios. The watershed had the potential to meet the anticipated increase in water use under each explorative scenario. However, dams were necessary to store irrigation water in the CF scenario, otherwise over 60% of the available water would have been used during the dry season. Such a high figure raises concerns about effects on aquatic and riparian ecology, concentrations of potential contaminants, water reserves for especially low rainfall years, and the watershed resilience to meet temporarily higher water needs during the day. Analyses indicated that current water-use conflicts in the watershed can be resolved if irrigation water supply is separated from drinking water supply. This study helped reduce some of the complexity associated with the interdependencies between land and water resources, the impact of using them, and spatial linkages within the watershed. Results of this study can be used for teaching local stakeholders about basic landscape responses and helping multi-institutional alliances to become proactive and to guide development to the benefit of local communities.     

节水灌溉实时决策系统

为寻求利用有限水资源取得最高作物产量或最大效益的灌溉方案,应根据不同供给水源的时空分布,作物品种与生长期和农田水分状况进行综合分析,系统分析方法的线性或非线性规划方法可望得到最优结果。     

太湖平原水田区灌溉回归水分析

江苏太湖平原地区灌溉水源丰富,排水通畅,但由于年际水量分配不均,干旱仍时有发生。根据这一情况,对灌溉水的利用问题进行了研究。在大、小区水量平衡的基础上,提出了灌溉水的回归系数和回归水的重复利用系数,以及灌溉水的重复利用系数。为本区水利规划、用水管理和供水规划提供了可靠的依据。     

东港地区稻田适宜排水沟距试验对比分析

通过对辽宁东港灌区稻田排水沟距的综合对比试验分析，探讨了该地区稻田不同排水沟距对控制地下水位、渗漏量、土壤Eh值及水稻产量的影响，初步提出该地区稻田适宜的排水沟距。为今后该地区及类似地区排水沟道的规划设计提供了借鉴和参考，对水田的增产增收具有重要意义。     

任意形状均质地基二维渗流的可视

为了能够非常迅速和方便地分析网络生成质量和计算结果本身，使渗流分析过程简化，利用Matlab操作平台，将几何数据与数学模型参数、网格生成、渗流计算以及计算结果显示一体化，建立了具有GUI的任意形状地基渗流计算模型。介绍了网格生成方法、平面渗流的数学模型、渗流计算可视化编程、计算与实验的对比。     

河北二季作区马铃薯节水灌溉研究初报

为研究河北二季作区马铃薯整个生育期不同灌水量对其生长发育的影响,以该地主栽品种为材料,根据不同生育期需水规律,设定5个不同水量梯度的滴灌处理和1个常规沟灌处理(CK);调查分析了不同处理间物候期、重要农艺性状、病害发生情况和产量等相关指标。结果表明,处理3(采用滴灌模式,水量为110 m3)与常规沟灌相比,马铃薯生长势、总产量和商品薯产量无显著差异,生育期提前,病害较轻,商品薯率提高7.2%,节水35.41%,综合表现优于其他处理,为试验地区最佳灌水量。     

黄土丘陵区丰水年产流产沙特征分析

设置标准径流小区进行长期定位监测,探讨天然降雨条件下,流域内不同土地利用方式对坡面产流产沙的影响,以期为该流域土地利用规划、水土流失综合治理、生态环境改善提供理论依据.基于汾河上游阳坡小流域内2种坡度、6种不同土地利用方式的8个径流小区,开展自然降雨观测、径流泥沙观测.结果表明:(1)试验期降雨超过多年同期平均雨量,属...     

泽山葵的适宜生长环境探讨

初步探讨了泽山葵的生长环境,包括气候环境、地理环境、土质及水环境等4方面,表明泽山葵生长发育的适宜温度为6～20℃,最适宜生长的海拔高度为700～800 m,对地形、土质和水环境的要求较高,研究结果对我国大陆种植泽山葵有一定的指导意义.     

屋顶花园节水技术探讨

本文在分析屋顶花园用水问题的基础上,提出了可行的屋顶花园节水养护技术,包括选择抗旱植物和进行节水型植物配置,加强种植土和排水层的储水能力,使用喷灌、滴灌和地下滴灌等节水的灌溉方式。     

屋顶蓄水绿化技术研究

通过开展城市屋顶蓄水绿化的研究和实践,分析总结了屋顶水体的特点,进而得出,只要在屋顶蓄水绿化设计、施工、管理的过程中,遵循生态适应性、绿化为主、长期绿化和短期生产相结合等原则,精心设计,合理选择植物、植物载体、定植容器,科学管理,那么屋顶水体绿化确实可行,也将大有可为.