Influence of organic mulching and nitrogen application on essential oil yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)

In a field study conducted at Bangalore, India for two years (2003–2004 and 2004–2005), eight treatment combinations consisting of two variables, organic mulch (lemongrass spent material as mulch at 7.5 t ha^?1 and no mulch) and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha^?1) were examined to observe the effect of organic mulching on nitrogen use-efficiency, and herb and essential oil yield in a multiharvested rosemary crop. The results revealed that application of lemongrass spent material as mulch increased the herb and essential oil yields in rosemary by 16.2 and 24.2%, respectively, over the non-mulched control at first harvest. Corresponding values for the regenerated crop harvest were 18.8 and 16.8%. A significant response to N was observed with 300 kg N ha^?1 in non-mulched plots compared with 200 kg N ha^?1 in mulched plots. Using lemongrass spent material as mulch, nitrogen uptake by the rosemary crop increased by 15.1% over the non-mulched control. At 200 kg N ha^?1, apparent recoveries by the crop were estimated to be 33.64% for the non-mulched control, and 37.79% with mulch. The quality of the rosemary essential oil, in terms of the concentrations of its major constituents, α-pinene, 1 : 8 cineole, camphor and verbenone, was not affected by the use of organic mulching and nitrogen fertilization, and these constituents were found to be of astandard acceptable in international trade.     

城乡建设用地增减挂钩项目助力脱贫攻坚的模式研究——以阜平县楼房村为例

从楼房村项目安置补偿方式、建设方式、管理方式三方面,分析了阜平县楼房村城乡建设用地增减挂钩项目助力脱贫攻坚特有的模式,探讨了"楼房村模式"存在的不足,并提出具体的建议,为破解我国其他贫困地区易地扶贫搬迁提供参考。     

论叶芝《驶向拜占庭》中的帝国形象

叶芝是英国象征主义诗歌早期的代表人物,象征主义是其诗歌创作的一大特色。在晚期的名作《驶向拜占庭》中,叶芝构建了帝国拜占庭这一内涵丰富的象征物。在叶芝看来,拜占庭是艺术的象征、历史的符码和异域的标记。塑造拜占庭的形象时,叶芝并不完全遵循真实的原则,而是基于一些二手材料,对拜占庭进行了极端理想化的处理。对叶芝来说,拜占庭只是它山之石,叶芝的最终目的不在石而在玉。借助拜占庭这面镜像,叶芝实现了对诗人本身和祖国爱尔兰进行言说的最终目的。《驶向拜占庭》中塑造的帝国形象,代表了业已消逝的以贵族文明为标志的辉煌人类文化,这与叶芝骨子里的贵族主义倾向恰好吻合。此外,不满于爱尔兰当时的社会现实,叶芝试图在历史中为爱尔兰寻找一块可资借鉴的模板。在这种情形之下,代表艺术、历史和异域的拜占庭帝国就进入了叶芝的视线,因为它较为符合诗人理想主义的政治追求。     

杀线虫细菌W3胞外体壁降解蛋白酶的纯化及部分特性

[目的]为筛选和开发高效新型生物杀线虫剂提供依据。[方法]以土壤中筛选的1株具有明显杀线虫活性的细菌菌株W3为供试菌种,对其进行发酵培养,采用硫酸铵沉淀、疏水层析、阴离子柱层析等方法从发酵液中分离W3菌株的杀线虫活性成分,并对各活性成分的杀线虫活性进行测定。[结果]W3菌株粗蛋白处理线虫4h后,虫体活动异常,部分虫体静止不动,处理36h后大部分虫体不活动,部分虫体体壁断裂现象,最终所有线虫被完全消解;从发酵液中纯化出1种能降解线虫体壁的胞外蛋白酶,该酶的分子量约为45KDa,其作用的最佳pH值为7～8,最佳温度为45℃。[结论]W3菌株胞外蛋白酶具有明显的杀线虫活性和线虫体壁降解活性。     

Relationship between level of forage intake,blood flow and oxygen consumption by splanchnic tissues of sheep fed a tropical grass forage

Four Polwarth castrated male sheep (42 ± 4.4 kg live weight (LW) surgically implanted with chronic indwelling catheters into the mesenteric, portal and hepatic veins, housed in metabolism cages and offered Cynodon sp. hay at rates (g of dry matter (DM)/kg LW) of 7, 14, 21 or ad libitum, were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment to evaluate the effect of the level of forage intake on blood flow and oxygen consumption by the portal‐drained viscera (PDV), liver and total splanchnic tissues (ST). The portal blood flow and the oxygen consumption by PDV linearly increased at increased organic matter (OM) intake. No effect of level of OM intake was obtained for the hepatic artery blood flow and oxygen consumption by liver. As a consequence, the level of OM intake only tended to directly affect hepatic blood flow and oxygen consumption by total ST. Oxygen consumption was linearly and positively related to blood flow across PDV, liver and total ST. The heat production by PDV and total ST, as proportion of metabolizable energy (ME) intake, decreased curvilinearly at increased ME intake. In conclusion, the oxygen consumption by PDV, but not by liver, was directly related to the level of forage intake by sheep. Moreover, when ingested at levels below maintenance, most of ME was spent as heat produced by ST.     

不同氮肥用量与施肥时期对冷浸田单季稻 生长及农学效率的影响

冷浸田为福建省主要低产田类型之一。基于福建省浅脚烂泥田、青泥田与锈水田主要冷浸田类型,通过田间3个点试验研究不同氮肥用量(105、150与195 kg/hm~2)与施用时期(基蘖肥︰穗肥=10︰0与基蘖肥︰穗肥=7︰3)运筹组合对单季稻生长的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥促进了各类型冷浸田水稻分蘖期分蘖生长速率。不同氮肥组合的锈水田、青泥田与浅脚烂泥田水稻籽粒产量分别较不施肥(CK)增幅14.5%~45.5%、9.4%~13.5%和10.4%~15.9%,但在105 kg/hm~2用量基础上再进一步增施氮肥,籽粒增产效果明显放缓。施用氮肥显著增加了成熟期水稻有效穗数,但对每穗实粒数及千粒重影响不明显。105、150、195 kg/hm~2 3种氮肥用量下各类型冷浸田的农学效率均值分别为17.4、13.3与12.8 kg/kg。除浅脚烂泥田施用穗肥的秸秆产量有显著差异外,其余氮肥不同施肥时期的籽粒与秸秆产量均无显著差异。增施氮肥有提高籽粒氮的趋势,但同时降低了籽粒钾含量。鉴于冷浸田土壤氮素水平较高,单季稻氮肥经济用量宜控制在105~150 kg/hm~2中低水平,超过150 kg/hm~2,农学效率递减,且无明显增产效果。另从人工成本及效益考虑,宜选择基蘖肥︰穗肥=10︰0的施氮方式。     

Uptake and remobilization of selenium in Brassica napus L. plants supplied with selenate or selenium‐enriched plant residues

Selenium (Se) biofortification via crops is one of the best strategies to elevate the daily Se intake in areas where soil Se levels are low. However, Se fertilizer recovery (SeFR) is low and most of the Se taken up accumulates in non‐harvested plant parts and returns to the soil with plant residues. A pot experiment with soil was undertaken to study the efficiency of inorganic Se (Na₂SeO₄) and Se‐enriched plant residues for biofortification, as well as to identify the bottlenecks in Se utilization by Brassica napus L. The soil was fertilized with Na₂SeO₄ (0 and 7 µg Se kg^?1) or with Se in stem or leaf residues (0 and 7 µg Se kg^?1). A treatment with autoclaved soil was included (0 and 7 µg kg^?1 as Na₂SeO₄) to unravel the impact of microbial activity on Se uptake. The Se‐enriched plant residues produced a lower Se uptake efficiency (SeUPE) and SeFR than did inorganic Se, and soil autoclaving enhanced Se accumulation in the plants. The time required for decomposition seems to preclude crop residues as an alternative source of Se. Furthermore, B. napus had a limited capacity to accumulate Se in seeds. The study shows that the bottlenecks in Se biofortification appear to be its low bioavailability in soil and poor loading from the silique walls to seeds. Thus, improved Se translocation to seeds would be a useful breeding goal in B. napus to increase SeFR.     

基于空间吻合性的土地利用总体规划实施评价方法及应用

为了研究定量评价土地利用总体规划实施效果的有效方法,该文首先界定了基于空间吻合性的土地利用总体规划实施评价概念和内涵,从地类图斑、功能区、区域3个层面分别构建了面向规划执行过程和规划执行结果的空间吻合度度量模型,并制定了相对应的空间吻合度分级标准;然后以江苏省南通市通州区为例进行了案例研究。结果表明,该模型能够较好的评价土地利用总体规划实施过程中每年的实施结果与规划目标的空间吻合性,及时发现数量和空间上的不吻合及其原因,指导土地利用总体规划的进一步实施。该研究可为土地利用总体规划过程性评价提供参考依据。     

实地氮肥管理提高水稻氮肥利用效率

以籼型杂交稻汕优63和粳稻武育粳3号为材料进行田间小区试验,对实时氮肥管理（RTNM）和实地氮肥管理（SSNM）的农艺表现和氮肥利用效率进行了评价。结果表明,氮空白区的水稻产量为5.5~7.4 t/hm²,说明试验田背景氮颇高。与农民习惯施肥法（FFP）相比,RTNM和SSNM分别增产-4.4％~7.0%和0.2％~9.3%,氮素产谷率分别提高195.7％~297.0%和169.6％~276.4%。2003—2004年在江苏省无锡市两村共计20户稻田中进行水稻SSNM试验示范。2年FFP的氮素产谷率、吸氮利用率和生理氮转化率分别仅有2.8～6.7 kg稻谷/kg N、33.7％～34.7％和8.4～18.6 kg稻谷/kg N;SSNM的施氮量较FFP降低38.7％～41.3％,产量提高2.5％～3.5％,氮素产谷率、吸氮利用率和生理氮转化率分别提高88.3％～117.7％、34.0％～39.5％和46.1％～61.6％。在江苏省大面积推广也取得了类似结果。证明采用SSNM在不降低水稻产量的前提下,提高水稻氮肥利用率是可能的。试验也发现,农户稻田SSNM的氮素产谷率和生理氮转化率的数值依然很低。对水稻氮肥利用率低的原因及提高途径进行了讨论。     

施氮量对旱地胡麻养分积累、转运及氮素利用率的影响

通过田间试验,研究不同施氮量对胡麻产量、氮素积累转运及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明, 在本试验土壤肥力条件下,无论施氮与否,胡麻各器官不同生育阶段氮素养分吸收、累积和转运规律的基本趋势一致,但其变化量与施氮量有极大关系。施氮量为55.2kg/hm2时,叶和茎中的氮素向籽粒的转移量、转移率及对籽粒氮素的贡献率最大;叶中氮素向籽粒的转移量、转移率及贡献率要比茎高出89.18%、83.36%和86.36%。胡麻籽粒中47.10%～57.66%的氮素来源于叶,22.46%～30.94%的氮素来源于茎,21.00%～30.48%来自籽粒生长后期从土壤中的吸收。施氮量为27.6、55.2、82.8 kg/hm2时,胡麻籽粒产量分别比不施氮增加了10.21%、16.92%和15.55%。施氮量为27.6～55.2 kg/hm2时,氮肥的表观利用率、偏生产力分别为：51.10%～68.63%和51.54～97.16 kg• kg-1。本试验条件下,综合考虑产量、氮肥利用率及生态环境,施氮量在27.6～55.2 kg/hm2为宜。