Nitrogen Fixation, Growth and Yield of Intercropped Mungbean (yigna radiata L.) and Groundnut (Aracbis bypogaea L.) as Affected by the Genotype

¹⁵N-aided investigations were conducted to ascertain the Nj fixation and the nitrogen (N) contribution by mungbean ( Vigna radiata L.) and groundnut ( Aracbis hypogaea L.) when intercropped with maize ( Zea mays ). The study involved growing seven genotypes of the above legumes with maize in alternate rows in two separate experiments. A sole crop of maize was used as the reference crop to determine N2 fixation by the ¹⁵N methodology. Significant genotypic differences in pod yield and stover N content were observed in intercropped mungbean and groundnut. The percentage N derived from the atmosphere showed a genotypic variation of 31 to 45 % (7 to 10 kg N₂ fixed ha⁻¹O in mungbean and 47 to 69 % (9 to 18 kg N₂ fixed ha⁻¹) in groundnut. Harvest index for N varied from 58 to 77 % in mungbean and 55 to 75 % in groundnut. In groundnut, the uptake of soil N was significantly affected by the genotype. Assuming that the N contribution to the soil by the helow-ground plant parts was negligible, the removal of seeds at maturity resulted in a negative N balance in the soil in all the genotypes of mungbean. In groundnut, some genotypes produced a positive N balance in the soil. Owing to high N₂ fixation capacity and low harvest index for N, groundnut showed a greater N supplementing ability than mungbean.     

我国绿豆根瘤菌多样性的研究进展

生物固氮是全球长期倡导的一项应用技术,根瘤菌与绿豆植株形成的共生固氮体系,对改善土壤肥力、减少化肥污染,增加生物有效氮源,提高产量和品质等方面发挥着重要作用。针对我国绿豆根瘤菌的多样性、研究技术手段、生物地理分布、接种技术等方面的研究进展进行综述,同时对该研究方向提出了自己的认识和观点,旨在增加人们对绿豆根瘤菌的了解,拓展对绿豆根瘤菌研究与应用的视野。     

红豆和白扁豆种子萌发和生长对盐胁迫的响应及其生理机制

为探讨红豆和白扁豆种子萌发及幼苗生长对盐胁迫的响应及其生理机制,以红豆品种‘渝红豆2号’和传统白扁豆品种为材料,分别用不同浓度NaCl （0 mmol·L^-1、20 mmol·L^-1、40 mmol·L^-1、60 mmol·L^-1、80 mmol·L^-1、100 mmol·L^-1）溶液处理种子,测定不同NaCl浓度胁迫下红豆和白扁豆种子的发芽指标及幼苗生长指标、叶片丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性,分析NaCl胁迫对红豆和白扁豆种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：1）随NaCl浓度增加,红豆和白扁豆种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数均呈下降趋势。当NaCl浓度为80 mmol·L^-1时,白扁豆发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数降为0,红豆的发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数分别为20.00%、2.00、0.83;NaCl浓度为100 mmol·L^-1时,红豆的发芽率为16.67%,但白扁豆为0,这表明在盐胁迫下红豆较白扁豆具有更高的萌发能力。2）红豆与白扁豆相对盐害率随NaCl浓度的增加而增加,当NaCl浓度为80 mmol·L^-1和100 mmol·L^-1时,白扁豆相对盐害率为96.58%和96.67%,红豆相对盐害率为47.05%和83.18%,说明红豆受盐害程度较低。3）红豆与白扁豆幼苗胚根、胚芽及鲜重均随NaCl浓度增加而下降。NaCl浓度为100 mmol·L^-1时,白扁豆胚根长为0,红豆胚根长为0.23 cm。4）随NaCl浓度升高,红豆和白扁豆叶片的MDA含量均增加,造成细胞膜透性逐渐增大,但是红豆幼苗MDA积累量低于白扁豆,这表明红豆叶片细胞膜损伤较小。5） NaCl胁迫下,红豆与白扁豆SOD活性均显著升高,但红豆SOD活性显著高于白扁豆;NaCl胁迫下,POD活性显著升高,但白扁豆POD活性显著下降。研究发现红豆可通过提高SOD和POD活性以降低细胞膜氧化伤害,减少MDA积累量,进而提高种子萌发能力。在相同浓度NaCl胁迫下红豆较白扁豆有更高的耐盐性,能更好地适应盐胁迫环境。     

Effect of crop‐residue management on the production and agronomic nitrogen efficiency in a rice–wheat cropping system

The rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS), producing about 5–10 Mg ha^–1 y^–1 of grain, is the backbone of food‐crop production in South‐East Asia. However, this system shows signs of fatigue as indicated by declining yields, negative nitrogen (N) balances, and reduced responses to applied fertilizer at some research centers. The return of rice and wheat residues can recycle up to 20%–30% of the N absorbed by the crops. However, their wide C : N ratio can temporarily immobilize native and applied N. To overcome this immobilization, wheat‐straw application was supplemented with the incorporation of Sesbania green manure and mungbean residues, and their effects on productivity, agronomic N efficiency, and system's apparent N balances were studied. Combining the application of wheat straw with Sesbania green manure or mungbean residues increased cereal grain yield and agronomic N efficiency and improved the generally negative apparent N balances. The combined use of wheat straw and mungbean produced an additional 0.5–0.6 t ha^–1 protein‐rich grain and thus appears to be the most promising residue‐management option for rice–wheat cropping systems in South Asia, provided that the transition cropping season between wheat harvest and rice transplanting is long enough.     

绿豆WRKY基因家族的全基因组鉴定及生物信息学分析

【目的】对绿豆WRKY转录因子在全基因组上进行鉴定及生物信息学分析,为绿豆WRKY基因功能的研究以及高抗绿豆品种培育奠定理论基础。【方法】利用Hmmer软件同源搜索,并通过在线工具SMART、NCBI-CDD和Pfam数据库进行结构域再确认获得79个绿豆WRKY基因,然后通过在线软件ProtParam、ProtScale、SWISS-MODEL分析绿豆WRKY家族蛋白的理化性质、亲疏水性并构建3D立体模型,使用MEGA X、McScanX软件构建进化树和绘制共线性图,利用MEME、PlantCARE在线工具分析WRKY转录因子的保守基序并预测基因上游的顺式作用元件。【结果】鉴定得到的79个VrWRKY蛋白的氨基酸数量为64~746,分子量为7.42~80.93 ku,等电点为4.49~10.41,大多数成员为亲水性不稳定蛋白。系统进化树分析表明,绿豆WRKY基因家族的79个成员可分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ 3组,其成员数量分别为16,51和12,Ⅱ组进一步划分为Ⅱ-a、Ⅱ-b、Ⅱ-c、Ⅱ-d和Ⅱ-e 5个亚组,其成员数量依次为2,17,17,7和8,其中Ⅱ-a、Ⅱ-b、Ⅱ-d和Ⅱ-e亲缘关系更近,而Ⅱ-c在进化树上的分布整体更靠近Ⅲ组。基因结构及保守基序分析显示,该家族基因均为间隔基因,且都含有保守基序WRKYGQK。基因染色体定位分析表明,所有成员在11条染色体上均有分布。顺式作用元件分析表明,绿豆WRKY基因启动子区存在丰富的激素及胁迫响应相关的元件。基因组间共线性分析结果表明,绿豆WRKY基因与拟南芥WRKY基因之间存在同源关系。基因复制结果表明,绿豆基因组有1对串联重复基因,15对大片段复制基因,片段复制在绿豆WRKY基因家族扩张中起主要作用。绿豆WRKY蛋白3D结构模拟表明,所有成员具有相似的两种蛋白结构,其中一种立体结构中心含有1个Zn²⁺。【结论】鉴定得到79个含典型WRKY保守结构域的绿豆WRKY蛋白,其生物信息学分析丰富了绿豆WRKY转录因子的分子生物学理论。     

盐胁迫对绿豆种子萌发的影响

用不同浓度的NaCl、Na2CO3和Na2SO4盐溶液处理绿豆的种子,对绿豆种子的发芽率、发芽速度、发芽指数的影响进行测定分析.结果表明:绿豆在种子萌发出芽阶段表现出较强的耐盐性,在100～200 mmol/L的NaCl和Na2SO4胁迫下对绿豆种子发芽率影响不明显,但显著抑制幼苗生长.在低浓度Na2CO3胁迫下绿豆种子萌发、幼苗生长均受到明显抑制,说明绿豆不耐碱性盐Na2CO3.     

Genetic diversity in mung bean germplasm revealed by RAPD markers

Knowledge of the genetic relationships among landraces is useful to gene bank managers because it permits a better organization of the crop's gene pool management, more efficient sampling of the available germplasm resources and better access to useful genetic variation for breeders. Genetic diversity of 19 landraces of the cultivated mung bean, Vigna radiate, and three weedy and wild relatives including Vigna mungo, Vigna luteola and Vigna radiate var. sublobata, was investigated at the DNA level with the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) procedure. Sixty random decamer primers were employed in amplification reactions; 28 of these were informative and yielded 246 bands, of which 229 were polymorphic with a mean of 8.2 bands per primer. A genetic distance matrix based on Nei and Li coefficient was converted to a dendrogram and a two-dimensional plot using multidimensional scaling (MDS). The accessions studied were separated into three main clusters, which included V. radiate landraces, V. mungo and V. luteola, respectively. The variation of this cluster supports the view that the genetic distance of V. mungo and V. luteola varies considerably from the accession VO2955 (V. radiata). The multidimensional scaling plot confirmed that V. mungo, V. luteola and most of the accessions of V. radiata formed distinct clusters with no overlap, and two mung bean accessions (PI177493 and VO4134–1 from Turkey and India, respectively) were genetically distant from other V. radiata landraces. V. radiata and V. mungo are positioned in separate botanical species and V. radiata var. sublobata is classified within other V. radiata landraces. Based on the limited range of accessions tested, the approach holds promise for the classification of mung bean germplasm, identification of mung bean landraces and applications of molecular markers to mung bean breeding.     

Variation in seed proteins from mutagen-treated cultivars and selected lines of Vigna unguiculata L. Walp

The storage protein profiles of the seeds of two IITA cowpea cultivars (‘IT84E–124’ and ‘Vita 7’) exposed to three mutagens—sodium azide (NaN₃), ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) and ⁶⁰Co gamma rays—and those of 18 selected M₃ lines were investigated by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The total seed protein, globulin and albumin fractions showed differences in number and intensity of subunit bands, but the least differences were found in the albumin fraction. Both high and low molecular weight bands were observed, the highest being 94.5 kDa and the lowest 12.0 kDa.‘Vita T showed less variability compared with ‘IT84E–124’, as indicated by the relative similarity indices (S.I.) of the two cultivars. The lowest S.I. of 0.200 was found among ‘IT84E–124’ lines while the lowest S.I. among ‘Vita T lines was 0.4706. A number of lines with particular traits were found to be characterized by the presence of specific polypeptide bands. This study demonstrates that induced mutation could create additional variability to supplement existing germplasm and that SDS-PAGE is a useful tool for discriminating and estimating genetic similarities among selections.     

Traditional conservation of vegetable cowpea in Nigeria

The vegetable cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. unguiculata, is cultivated for its fresh pods and leaves in the derived savanna and forest belts of southeastern Nigeria. Nigerian material of this cowpea type with its diverse range of characteristics, is an important resource for improvement of cowpeas. The conservation and maintenance of this useful legume amidst the new varieties released yearly from research stations and seed companies have been accomplished through indigenous traditional methods. These methods have been discussed.     

4种食用豆类种皮解剖构造研究

本文通过对豇豆属的其中一个物种──红小豆种皮的解剖结构分析,并与菜豆属、大豆属及豌豆属进行比较,推断出豇豆属与菜豆属亲缘关系最近,其次是大豆属,再次是豌豆属,从解剖学上支持了传统植物分类学的观点。