绵枣儿用于三峡库区植被重建及组织培养快繁研究

绵枣儿的淹水试验及组织培养结果表明:绵枣儿的成活率高、长势较好,适于库区植被重建;假鳞茎诱导愈伤组织较快,最佳培养基为6-BA 2.0 mg/L+NAA 0.3 mg/L;不定芽分化最适培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+NAA 0.3 mg/L。     

Soil nitrogen and denitrification potential as affected by land use and stand age following agricultural abandonment in a headwater catchment

Changes in vegetation and soil properties because of agricultural abandonment may affect soil nitrogen (N) and associated processes. We investigated soil N (total N: TN, inorganic N: NH₄–N and NO₃–N) and denitrification potential in cropland, pine plantations and abandoned agricultural land along a secondary succession sequence (grassland→shrubland→secondary forest) in a headwater catchment in the Qinling Mountains, northwest China. The results show that the soil denitrification potential differed significantly among the five land‐use types with the highest potential in the secondary forest, followed by grassland, shrubland, cropland and plantations. The denitrification potential of the 20‐ to 40‐cm layer was significantly lower compared with the topsoil (0–20 cm) across all land‐use types. TN, soil organic matter (SOM) and NH₄–N increased significantly with stand age, whereas there was an opposite trend in soil pH. However, the denitrification potential did not relate to stand age in a linear manner. We conclude that changes in soil TN, SOM and pH during vegetation succession following agricultural abandonment are critical controls on the denitrification potential.     

Postcards from the past: charting the landscape-scale conversion of tropical Australian savanna to closed forest during the 20th century

Repeated sequences of digitised and geo-referenced historical aerial photography provide a powerful means of understanding landscape change. We use this method to demonstrate a landscape wide expansion of closed forest (42% increase in total coverage) in the Australian monsoon tropics over the past five decades. Retrospective habitat suitability models (HSI) of closed forest derived using four landscape measures (drainage distance, slope angle, aspect and elevation) for imagery taken in 1947 correctly forecast the subsequent spatial distribution of the expansion, with topographic fire protection primarily determining the closed-forest distribution. The dynamics of the closed forest-savanna boundary were predicted accurately by generalised linear models, with closed-forest expansion in fire-protected sites along forest edges and regression in the more fire-prone areas. Two factors may plausibly explain the expansion of closed forests. First, eco-ethnographic records stress the skilful use of fire by Aboriginal people in protecting isolated and locally resource-rich closed-forest patches. Second, the recent global increase in atmospheric CO₂ may be changing the competitive balance between savanna and forest by enabling C₃ trees to grow fast enough to escape the fire trap presented by flammable C₄ grasses.     

Determining landscape extent for succession and disturbance simulation modeling

Dividing regions into manageable landscape units presents special problems in landscape ecology and land management. Ideally, a landscape should be large enough to capture a broad range of vegetation, environmental and disturbance dynamics, but small enough to be useful for focused management objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal landscape size to summarize ecological processes for two large land areas in the southwestern United States. We used a vegetation and disturbance dynamics model, LANDSUMv4, to simulate a set of nine scenarios involving systematically varied topography, map resolution, and model parameterizations of fire size and fire frequency. Spatial input data were supplied by the LANDscape FIRE Management Planning System (LANDFIRE) prototype project, an effort that will provide comprehensive and scientifically credible mid-scale data to support the National Fire Plan. We analyzed output from 2,000 year simulations to determine the thresholds of landscape condition based on the variability of burned area and dominant vegetation coverage. Results show that optimal landscape extent using burned area variability is approximately 100 km² depending on topography, map resolution, and model parameterization. Variability of dominant vegetation area is generally higher and the optimal landscape sizes are larger in comparison to those features determined from burned area. Using the LANDFIRE project as a case study, we determined landscape size and map resolution for a large mapping project, and showed that optimal landscape size depends upon geographical, ecological, and management context. This paper was written and prepared by U.S. Government employees on official time, and therefore is in the public domain and not subject to copyright. The use of trade or firm names in this paper is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service.     

草地植被盖度的近距离遥感测定

盖度或者覆盖度是植物群落结构的一个重要数量指标。通常的目视估测植物群落盖度方法不仅精度低,而且因人而异。本研究采用近距离遥感方法测定草地植物群落盖度,该方法主要包括数据获取、图像处理、像元数量提取和盖度计算4个部分。精度评价表明,该方法测定的绿色植被盖度误差很小,与目视估测方法比较,它具有客观、一致和精度高的优点。     

北洛河流域植被恢复的支撑体系

北洛河流域自实行退耕还林政策以来取得了显著成效,但是实践证明植被恢复不是简单的种树种草,必须要根据生态学原则合理种植,既要有技术支撑,还必须考虑到退耕后农民的生存问题,也就是粮食与能源的问题,并要保证农民有一定的经济收入,最后指出要解决好以上问题,必须靠国家政策的支撑。     

论陕西关中陵寝遗址植物的文化内涵

根据陕西关中地区陵寝遗址的植物配植、种类及其文化特点,从多方面对陵寝植物本身所蕴含的文化内涵、象征意义进行探讨,为陵寝遗址周边环境和文化的保护提供理论依据。     

基于杭金衢高速公路义乌段岩体边坡人工复绿模式的分析

边坡是近年来道路建设所形成的产物,边坡绿化工程也已成为路桥建设中的一项重要工程。本文通过对杭金衢高速公路义乌段边坡的立地条件等因素和当下边坡护坡技术的分析,结果显示:在植物材料选择和播植上,应选择耐瘠薄、耐干旱、抗性强、绿化效果快、养护简便的植物;在复绿方式上,可采用液压喷播法、金属网钢筋或高强塑料网锚播植被法、草块铺植式等。     

祁连山不同类型草地植被群落及牧草营养特征研究

祁连山是我国重要的生态屏障,对不同类型草地植被的研究可为草地资源的合理保护和利用提供参考。本研究采用样方法,采集并分析了祁连山东段4种不同类型的草地植被群落特征,并对牧草营养进行综合评定。结果表明：不同类型草地植被和功能群落存在差异,其中高寒草甸植被香农威纳、优势度和丰富度指数显著高于其他3类草地（P<0.05）;地上生物量表现为高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸显著低于草原化草甸和人工草地（P<0.05）,地下生物量则相反。不同类型草地牧草营养和牧草碳、氮、磷含量存在不同程度的差异。综合比较不同草地类型植被群落特征,牧草碳、氮、磷含量以及牧草营养,发现高寒草甸的植被群落稳定性,牧草营养最优,沼泽化草甸次之,草原化草甸最差。     

黄河源区季节性湖泊湿地退化对土壤微生物碳源利用的影响

为了探讨黄河源区季节性湖泊湿地退化对土壤微生物碳源利用的影响以及土壤微生物碳源利用能力与不同环境因子的关系,本试验在黄河源区退化季节性湖泊湿地研究不同退化阶段植被特征、土壤养分变化和土壤微生物碳源利用状况。结果表明：在季节性湖泊湿地退化过程中,土壤微生物对碳源的利用存在明显的空间分异,其对酯类碳源的相对利用率最高,对单糖/糖苷/聚合物类碳源的相对利用率随退化加重呈现先升高后下降趋势;土壤微生物对单糖/糖苷/聚合物类碳源和醇类碳源的相对利用率改变是土壤微生物功能多样随季节性湖泊湿地退化而变化的主要原因;土壤全氮含量和植被盖度对微生物单糖/糖苷/聚合物类碳源的相对利用率和土壤微生物活性均有影响。该结果为黄河源区的季节性湖泊湿地退化监测和近自然修复提供科学理论依据。