Recovery of soil macronutrients following shifting cultivation and ethnopedology of the Adi community in the Eastern Himalaya

Shifting cultivation involves a cycle of forest clearing, cultivation and a fallow phase. As the practice involves clearing forest, it is considered unsustainable and leads to soil fertility loss and erosion. While several variations of the practice exist, traditional communities undertake the practice systematically with relatively long fallow periods and are often knowledgeable about their landscape in terms of soil and its management. To better understand one such system, we quantified soil recovery following cultivation in terms of macronutrients and documented the traditional knowledge of the Adi community in a remote site in the Eastern Himalaya. We collected soil samples from three replicates, each from currently cultivated sites, uncut forest sites and successional sites 3, 12 and 25 yr following cultivation. Available nitrogen and phosphorus significantly increased, and there was an increasing trend in soil organic matter following cultivation. The Adi differentiated nine types of soil and preferred specific soil types for shifting and settled cultivation. We documented soil management and methods of soil fertility retention practised by the Adi. Their location of different crops in the field was based on the effect of the crop on soil fertility. Our research indicated that soil nutrient recovery was considerable following cultivation and that traditional shifting cultivators in the landscape were knowledgeable about their landscape in terms of soil diversity, undertaking practices to manage soil erosion and fertility. Future policies that will affect shifting cultivation in the region should acknowledge such systematic use of a landscape by traditional farming communities.     

Tracking the potato late blight pathogen in the atmosphere using unmanned aerial vehicles and Lagrangian modeling

A means for determining the aerial concentration, C (sporangia m⁻³), of plant pathogenic spores at various distances from a source of inoculum is needed to quantify the potential spread of a plant disease. Values of C for Phytophthora infestans sporangia released from an area source of diseased plants in a potato canopy was quantified in three ways: (1) by using Rotorods to sample the air just above the source, (2) by using unmanned aerial vehicles to sample the air at altitudes up to 90 m above the source and at downwind distances up to 500 m from the source, and (3) by using a Lagrangian stochastic simulation of sporangia flight trajectories to tie these two measurements together. Experiments were conducted using three potato crops over two years. Model predictions of time-average, crosswind-integrated concentrations were highly correlated (r = 0.9) with values of C measured using the unmanned aerial vehicles. The model describes the release and dispersal of sporangia from a potato canopy to a downwind distance of 500 m. Thus, it may have utility as a part of an area-wide decision support system by helping to predict risk of disease spread between neighboring or distant potato fields.     

淮河上游全新世黄土-古土壤序列元素地球化学特性研究

在野外考察研究的基础上,对河南禹州全新世风成黄土-古土壤剖面系统采样,利用X-荧光光谱仪测定了常量元素和微量元素的含量及其变化,并与磁化率曲线、粒度变化曲线对比分析发现:常量元素氧化物比值钾钠比、残积系数和以Rb为代表的微量元素含量等随剖面层次呈规律性变化,即在古土壤层(S0)中含量最高,表土层(MS)中次之,在黄土层(L1、Lt、L0)中最低。硅铝率和Sr的含量表现出相反的变化规律。表明在全新世古土壤层和表土层形成时期,气候温暖湿润,成壤作用和次生粘化作用较强;在黄土堆积时期,气候比较干旱,沙尘暴频繁,成壤作用微弱。这些化学参数与磁化率曲线可以进行对比,表明成土过程中元素的迁移变化受全新世以来气候变化和成壤环境变化的控制。与黄土高原腹地的洛川剖面相比,淮河上游禹州剖面中绝大多数常量元素的含量较高,而绝大多数微量元素的含量偏低,磁化率也显著偏低,绝对值差别很大,粒度组成当中细沙成分含量很高,这说明淮河上游黄土物质来源与黄土高原地区明显不同。联系全新世时期黄河频繁泛滥、改道、沉积与黄淮平原盛行东北风形成流沙地的事实,认为淮河上游的黄土是黄河泛滥沉积物质经过风沙活动改造,由东北风力系统搬运而来的近源粉尘堆积,再经过就地风化或者成土改造而形成。     

不同有机质含量土壤对烤烟生长发育和氮素积累及上部叶化学成分的影响

（1凉山州烟草分公司,四川西昌 615000;2三明烟草分公司,福建三明 365001; 3长沙卷烟厂技术中心,湖南长沙 410014;4河南农业大学农学院,河南郑州 450002）     

氮肥对大通河上游退化草地的影响

为提高祁连县高寒草地草场牧草产量、有效恢复轻度退化草地,采用随机区组试验,以尿素作为氮源,探讨不同氮肥水平对祁连地区轻度退化草地群落结构、地上植物量以及土壤养分的影响。结果表明：不同施氮水平处理的高寒草地植物群落物种丰富度、多样性指数均减少,植被盖度、高度显著增加（P<0.05）,地上植物量与禾草地上植物量显著提高（P<0.05）。随着施氮量增加全磷含量、速效氮含量、有机质含量呈逐渐增加趋势,而速效磷呈先增加后减小趋势,pH值呈逐渐减小趋势。结论：施氮对高寒草地土壤养分有改善作用,150 kg·hm^-2为最适施肥量。     

An investigation into the role of Chlamydophila spp. in bovine upper respiratory tract disease

An outbreak of upper respiratory tract disease was investigated in a group of 17 housed home-bred calves on a mixed dairy, beef and sheep farm in Devon. Conjunctival swabs were collected and tested for Chlamydophila spp. DNA using a PCR test that detects Chlamydophila abortus and Chlamydophila psittaci. Six of the calves tested gave a positive result. Further epidemiological observations and laboratory testing indicated that the adult dairy cows, from which the affected calves originated, were the most likely source of infection.     

岷江上游退化森林生态系统的恢复与重建

岷江上游区内广漠的森林,本是岷江流域得天独厚的大自然保护屏障,然而这些林地多分布在高山峡谷坡面上,由于长期过伐,森林的蓄水保水性能降低,生物多样性遭到破坏,自然灾害频繁,泥石流、滑坡增加,荒漠化面积不断扩大。概述了岷江上游退化森林生态系统的主要特征和现状,提出了恢复与重建的建议。     

功能性叶面肥对烤烟上部烟叶品质的影响

为解决烤烟红花大金元在生产中遇到的问题,通过大田对比试验,研究功能性叶面肥对红花大金元上部叶片生长及品质的影响.结果表明:喷施一定量的"烟博士"活性制剂明显促进烤烟上部叶叶长、叶宽增加,其中以叶长的增幅最大,2009年7月16日和8月25日增幅分别为2.8～5.8、0.8～5.2 cm;喷施一定量的"烟博士"活性制剂能...     

从“八景”考察明清时期黄河上游区域生态文化

以黄河上游地区的西宁、兰州、银川等代表性城市＂八景＂作为主要研究对象,在自然生态内容方面,分析了黄河上游地区＂八景＂的山地、水体景观;在人文生态内容方面,分析了黄河上游地区带有浓厚人文色彩的桥渠渡口、亭台楼阁、宗教寺院、历史遗迹、生产生活景观。在此基础上,对黄河上游地区＂八景＂进行综合比较分析,总结出其山地景观贯穿全区、水体景观各有侧重、桥渠渡口多在宁夏、宗教寺院遍布各地、园林艺术引入城市以及以历史遗迹传承文化的特征,进而分析了＂八景＂与区域生态文化的关系,指出其所体现的人文生态内涵对美化城市环境、满足居民精神生活需要、传承地方历史文化、丰富城市文化内涵、扩大居民活动空间、提升城市整体功能方面起到了积极作用。认为＂八景＂文化与城市生态文化建设的核心宗旨不谋而合,能够对黄河上游城市生态文化建设,以及城市健康、科学、可持续发展起到一定的借鉴作用。     

2008年6月汕头一次特大暴雨天气成因分析

利用常规资料、ncep 2.5°×2.5°6 h再分析资料和卫星云图资料对2008年6月13日～14日汕头地区一次特大暴雨天气过程成因进行了综合分析。结果表明:高低层环流配置为暴雨提供了有利的大尺度环流条件;高低空急流的相互作用是此次暴雨产生的重要原因;中尺度对流云团是此次特大暴雨的直接影响系统;低空急流为暴雨的发生发展提供充沛的水汽和不稳定能量;高低空正负涡度柱和正负散度柱的耦合是产生暴雨的动力机制。