基于玉米单倍体性状表现的轮回选择试验研究

单倍体水平的选择可以提高轮回选择程序的效率。经过4个周期的单倍体轮回选择之后,一个综合群体SPC4的产量达到了当前商业杂交种的产量水平。SPC4群体与27个来自于爱荷华州立大学的综合群体相比较具有更好的群体表现。两个单交种在单倍体水平上表现出株高和穗长的超亲分离,表明利用单倍体植株来鉴定、创造和改良优良的育种材料是非常有效的方法。     

8个茶树品种的黑茶适制性研究

品种是决定茶叶品质的基础,目前黑茶缺乏专用品种.本研究对尖波黄13号等8个湖南主栽茶树品种进行了黑茶适制性研究.感官审评结果表明:在5%显著性水平下,桃源大叶和槠叶齐感官审评结果显著优于其它6个茶树品种.不同品种不同季节鲜叶水浸出物、儿茶素、茶氨酸、氨基酸总量、咖啡碱、粗纤维、还原性糖7个指标与相应黑茶感官审评结果相关性分析表明:春季氨基酸总量和粗纤维分别与感官审评呈显著正相关和显著负相关;夏、秋季咖啡碱、水浸出物、还原性糖、粗纤维与感官审评结果的相关性基本一致,都达到了显著相关(粗纤维为显著负相关,其余为显著正相关),儿茶素在夏季表现为显著负相关,其余各指标与感官审评结果相关性较低.考虑到氟对黑茶质量安全的重要性,本研究还对8个品种一芽五叶氟含量进行了测定,结果表明:8个参试品种氟含量都小于300 mg·kg-1.     

水稻数量性状定位研究进展

20世纪80年代以来,DNA标记技术的诞生给数量性状的遗传研究带来了革命性的变化。分子生物学的快速发展和数量性状（QTL）定位技术的逐渐完善,为水稻的QTL研究提供了技术支撑。已有大量的研究表述和发现了QTL的特征特性,阐述了一些重要农艺性状的遗传理论基础,从而使水稻的育种遗传改良获得新方法、新手段。从QTL的定位群体、定位方法以及水稻QTL的研究现状和利用等方面,对水稻数量性状基因的研究进行了综述,并对今后的研究提出了一些分析。     

中国特色的玉米商业育种体系构建

商业育种理念是将公司的整个研发体系视为一条或多条生产流水线,将功能联系密切的研发过程集中起来,形成相对独立的研发管理模块,实现研发流水线的专业化、规模化和工业化,从而极大地提高研究效率,为公司获得市场份额和赚取利润提供基础。在这样的管理理念下,一套功能健全的育种技术体系能够确保研发流水线的顺利实施。综述玉米商业育种的管理理念和技术体系基础上,结合中国种业的发展现状,提出具有中国特色的玉米商业育种体系,即集中有限的资金建立面向全社会的、高起点大规模的研发和服务平台,实现中国种业行业的跨越式发展。     

Application of long‐chain alcohols as diet‐composition markers in sheep fed on grass–white clover and heather–gorse plant species

Utilization of long‐chain alcohols (LCOH) as diet‐composition markers in sheep consuming six diets composed of improved pasture species (Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens) with heather–gorse components (Erica spp., Calluna vulgaris and Ulex gallii) was evaluated. Twenty‐four adult cross‐bred sheep were housed in individual stalls. Diet composition was estimated from LCOH concentrations, combined or not with alkanes and long‐chain fatty acid (LCFA) data using least‐squares procedures. Prior to calculations, faecal concentrations were corrected using mean treatment (faecal recovery 1, FR1) recoveries and mean recoveries across diets (FR2). Estimates were compared with those obtained without faecal correction (FR0) and known values. Large differences between plant species and plant parts were found in LCOH patterns and total LCOH concentrations. LCOH provided complementary information to that given by alkanes and LCFA. Even‐chain LCOH comprised the largest fraction, representing on average 0·894 of total concentrations. Faecal recovery was incomplete and tended to increase with carbon‐chain length (CCL) in a curvilinear manner (FR = ?7·872 + 0·580 × CCL ? 0·010 × CCL²; P < 0·001; r² = 0·752). Diet composition influenced (P < 0·001) LCOH recovery, although variability within (CV of 9·0%) and between (CV of 13·3%) diets was low. Accuracy of estimates was influenced (P < 0·001) by faecal‐correction method and markers used, and the best estimate was obtained combining LCOH and alkanes. Improvement in estimate accuracy can be achieved if suitable correction of LCOH faecal concentrations is performed prior to calculations. Results indicated that LCOH showed lower dependence than alkanes and LCFA on the use of accurate faecal‐correction data.     

The Distribution of Dragonfly Larvae in a South Carolina Stream: Relationships With Sediment Type,Body Size,and the Presence of Other Larvae

Dragonfly larvae were sampled in Little Creek, Greenville, SC. The distributions of five common species were described relative to sediment type, body size, and the presence of other larvae. In total, 337 quadrats (1 m by 0.5 m) were sampled by kick seine. For each quadrat, the substrate was classified as sand, sand-cobble mix, cobble, coarse, or rock, and water depth and distance from bank were measured. Larvae were identified to species, and the lengths of the body, head, and metafemur were measured. Species were distributed differently across sediment types: sanddragons, Progomphus obscurus (Rambur) (Odonata: Gomphidae), were common in sand; twin-spotted spiketails, Cordulegaster maculata Selys (Odonata: Cordulegastridae), preferred a sand-cobble mix; Maine snaketails, Ophiogomphus mainensis Packard (Odonata: Gomphidae), preferred cobble and coarse sediments; fawn darners, Boyeria vinosa (Say) (Odonata: Aeshnidae), preferred coarse sediments; and Eastern least clubtails, Stylogomphus albistylus (Hagen) (Odonata: Gomphidae), preferred coarse and rock sediments. P. obscurus and C. maculata co-occurred more frequently than expected by chance, as did O. mainensis, B. vinosa, and S. albistylus. Mean size varied among species, and species preferences contributed to differences in mean size across sediment types. There were significant negative associations among larval size classes: small larvae (<12 mm) occurred less frequently with large larvae (>15 mm) than expected by chance, and large larvae were alone in quadrats more frequently than other size classes. Species may select habitats at a large scale based on sediment type and their functional morphology, but small scale distributions are consistent with competitive displacement or intraguild predation.     

西瓜抗枯萎病育种的分子辅助选择

利用中国国内公开发表的西瓜抗枯萎病生理小种1基因紧密连锁标记4451_fon,首次对抗枯萎病育种创新的二倍体和四倍体种质进行分子鉴定。结果表明,全部二倍体单系和除编号D16、D17外的四倍体单系均表现为抗病基因型,判定为抗病材料,与人工接种鉴定结果完全一致;分子鉴定还表明,这些抗病单系为抗病纯合体,在以后的自交纯化过程中抗性基因不再分离和丢失,因此不必继续对其自交后代进行抗性选择。研究结果认为dCAPS标记4451_fon可以作为西瓜抗枯萎病分子辅助选择(molecular marker assisted selection,MAS)的重要工具,能够实现提高选择效率、加速育种进程的目的。     

不同遗传背景BC_3F_2代大豆蛋白质及脂肪含量遗传分析

探索了不同遗传背景条件下BC3F2代大豆蛋白质含量及脂肪含量的遗传规律,旨在为选配优良的杂交组合及制定有效育种方案提供理论基础。分别以红丰11和早熟18大豆品种为供体亲本,黑龙江省主栽品种东农47为受体亲本,采用回交3次、自交2次,得到2个回交群体,并对其后代群体的蛋白质含量、油分含量、百粒重等农艺性状进行方差及相关性等分析。结果表明:2个回交群体间籽粒蛋白质和油分含量差异显著,且同一组合后代群体内表现一致性较好。相关分析表明BC3F2代蛋白质、油分含量与供体及受体亲本均呈不显著正相关;BC3F2后代家系的蛋白质、油分含量与双亲差值呈不显著负相关,与中亲值呈显著正相关,因此用双亲中亲值来预测杂交组合BC3F2代的蛋白质和油分含量平均值更加准确。相关分析结果表明百粒重和株高可以作为间接选育大豆高蛋白质和高脂肪品系的间接依据;在大豆高油或高蛋白育种中,亲本宜采用双亲差异大且中亲值较高的来配置组合。     

Should I fight or should I flight? How studying insect aggression can help integrated pest management

Aggression plays a key role all across the animal kingdom, as it allows the acquisition and/or defence of limited resources (food, mates and territories) in a huge number of species. A large part of our knowledge on aggressive behaviour has been developed on insects of economic importance. How can this knowledge be exploited to enhance integrated pest management? Here, I highlight how knowledge on intraspecific aggression can help IPM both in terms of insect pests (with a focus on the enhancement of the sterile insect technique) and in terms of biological control agents (with a focus on mass‐rearing optimisation). Then, I examine what implications for IPM can be outlined from knowledge about interspecific aggressive behaviour. Besides predator–pest aggressive interactions predicted by classic biological control, I focus on what IPM can learn from (i) interspecific aggression among pest species (with special reference to competitive displacement), (ii) defensive behaviour exhibited by prey against predaceous insects and (iii) conflicts among predaceous arthropods sharing the same trophic niche (with special reference to learning/sensitisation practices and artificial manipulation of chemically mediated interactions). © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

Mass selection for small‐sized cysts in Artemia franciscana produced in Vinh Chau salt ponds,Vietnam

Unidirectional mass truncation selection for small‐sized cysts was carried out on brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana Kellogg 1906), Vinh Chau strain, Vietnam, through cyst sieving and then culturing the selected individuals (<5% of the population) under field and laboratory conditions over two successive generations (F₁ and F₂). The results showed that at both culture scales, the cyst size of the selected line was smaller (P < 0.05) compared with the control (non‐selected) line, illustrating that there was a response to selection. The cyst size decreased about 3% per generation and the accumulated gain on the target trait was in the range 5.82–6.07% at the end of the selection process compared with the base population. The realized heritability estimation (h²) for cyst size was 0.23 ± 0.06 and 0.74 ± 0.19 in the field trials and 0.34 and 0.51 in the laboratory test for the F₁ and F₂ generation respectively. The variations found between the respective trials may be explained as the result of environmental interaction with the selection process, but the results show that a selection program for small‐sized cysts in Artemia by mass selection is possible.