基于多光谱与高光谱遥感数据的冬小麦叶面积指数反演比较

近年来,高光谱遥感数据广泛应用于农作物叶面积指数(LAI)反演。与常用的多光谱遥感数据相比,高光谱数据能否提高农作物LAI反演的精度和稳定性还存在争议。针对这一问题,该研究利用实测冬小麦冠层高光谱反射率数据,构造了不同光谱分辨率和波段组合的5种光谱数据。基于ACRM(a two-layer canopy reflectance model)模型、2套参数化方案及上述5种光谱数据,对冬小麦LAI进行反演,分析光谱分辨率、高光谱数据波段选择、模型参数不确定性3方面因素对LAI反演精度与稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:当波段选择适宜、模型参数不确定性较小且光谱数据分辨率较高时,LAI反演精度与稳定性更高,提高光谱分辨率对LAI反演精度的改进作用随光谱分辨率的升高而降低;反之,当高光谱数据波段选择不当或者模型参数不确定性较大时,提高光谱数据的分辨率并未提高LAI反演精度。该研究解释了"高光谱遥感数据能否提高植被参数反演精度"问题,为进一步发挥高光谱数据在农作物LAI反演中的潜力提供了科学参考。     

干旱和半干旱流域水环境质量评价模型及其应用

[目的]通过建立模型修复水生态系统,评价流域水环境质量,为生态系统修复提供实用工具。[方法]以涑水河流域为例,采用了层次分析法(AHP),同时运用模糊隶属函数和综合指数法对影响水质因子的各个指标进行综合评价分析,建立干旱和半干旱流域水环境质量健康评价体系及评价模型。[结果]涑水河流域2008—2011年水环境质量健康评价结果为Ⅲ级,状态一般,较健康,评价结果与实际生态情况相符。[结论]所建立的干旱和半干旱流域水环境质量健康评价体系是合理的,能满足流域水环境质量健康评价需要。     

红茶感官品质及成分近红外光谱快速检测模型建立

以在发酵过程中小叶种工夫红茶为研究对象,分别建立了基于近红外光谱检测技术的感官品质评分和理化品质指标(茶黄素、茶红素、茶褐素、儿茶素和酚氨比)的定量分析模型。在模型建立过程中,探讨了特征变量优选方法对预测模型的影响。首先,对获取的近红外光谱数据进行标准正态变量变换法(standard normal Z transformation,SNV)预处理,进而采用联合区间偏最小二乘回归(synergy interval PLS,Si-PLS)、随机蛙跳算法(shuffled frog leaping algorithm,SFLA)、竞争性自适应权重取样法(competitiveadaptivereweightedsampling,CARS)和连续投影(successive projections algorithm,SPA),筛选出各品质指标的最优特征波长变量;最后基于优选波长分别建立各发酵品质指标的偏最小二乘法(partial least squares regression,PLS)线性预测模型和支持向量机(support vector regression,SVR)非线性预测模型。模型结果比较表明,Si、CARS、SFLA和SPA等变量筛选方法可有效压缩变量,以及进一步提高模型精度。非线性模型的预测均方根误差值(root-mean-square error of prediction,RMSEP)均明显小于PLS模型,相关性系数(correlation coefficient,R)和相对分析误差(relative percent deviation,RPD)均高于PLS模型。对于红茶发酵品质的检测上,非线性模型性能优于线性模型。感官品质、茶褐素和儿茶素的最优变量SVR预测模型的RPD值分别为3.923、3.234和5.462,酚氨比和茶红素模型的RPD值分别为2.815和2.223。除茶黄素的评价模型外(RPD为1.77),基于最优特征波长的各品质指标SVR模型的RPD值均大于2,表明模型具有极好的预测性能。研究结果为实现工夫红茶发酵品质的近红外光谱快速检测的实际应用奠定理论基础。     

利用分子标记辅助选育白菜薹复等位基因型雄性不育系

为解决白菜薹杂种优势利用中的杂交制种手段问题,以大白菜复等位基因型雄性不育系为不育源,设计定向转育方案,采用连续回交的方法转育不育性和农艺性状,同时利用分子标记辅助选择目标基因型植株,向白菜薹自交系中转育不育基因,创制白菜薹雄性不育系。通过26对SSR引物的筛选鉴定,获得与显性雄性不育基因Ms紧密连锁、且同样可以标记同一位点恢复基因Msf和可育基因ms的分子标记GSSR1。经过3个世代的回交转育,创制出了具有100%不育度和100%不育株率的白菜薹复等位基因型雄性不育系BGMS-3。以BGMS-3为母本,与6个白菜薹自交系杂交,筛选出1个强优势组合C3。     

opaque-2玉米近等基因系的构建与赖氨酸含量快速检测

我国高赖氨酸玉米种质资源狭窄,opaque-2(o2)突变基因能大幅提高玉米赖氨酸含量,通过分子标记辅助选择构建o2玉米近等基因系并检测其赖氨酸含量具有重要意义。其中,要解决的两个关键问题是如何准确地将不同供体的o2突变基因导入受体系和如何快速地检测导入系的赖氨酸含量。本研究利用O2基因内紧密连锁的SSR共显性标记引物phi057检测玉米供体和受体自交系的多态性,利用其特异性和共显性构建o2近等基因系;参考已有研究,改进染料结合(DBL)法,测定18组构建成功的o2近等基因系的赖氨酸含量。结果表明,不仅在不同供体(CA339和山东2548)之间存在多态性,而且在不同受体系间也存在多态性,利用phi057能够成功地将不同供体的o2突变基因导入受体系,构建o2近等基因系;改进的DBL法分析表明,不同受体系赖氨酸含量变化较大,不同背景的受体系导入o2突变基因后赖氨酸含量增加的幅度差异也较大;普通玉米自交系间赖氨酸含量为0.223%~0.368%,构建成功的不同o2近等基因系间,赖氨酸含量为0.373%~0.527%,与受体亲本相比,赖氨酸增加幅度最低为13%,最高为74%。分析表明,phi057能准确筛选导入o2突变基因的受体系,结合改进的DBL法能快速地选择赖氨酸含量高的玉米。     

重力式计量包装机的设计与研究

介绍了定量包装机的结构、气缸选型以及料仓容积等参数的计算。该机配以PLC气动控制装置、嵌入式电脑核心的包装机控制仪,具有高精度、高速度及长期工作可靠性好等特点。它可以和自动取袋、封口机配合使用,根据不同物料的料性及工艺要求,进行自动称重包装,从而满足了国内粮食及其初深加工产品计量包装的性能指标要求,并广泛应用于粮食、化工等行业。     

玉米籽粒的特征选择算法——基于支持向量机与遗传算法

在基于数字图像的玉米品种自动识别的研究中,寻找对识别贡献大的新特征项,对玉米品种识别率的提高具有十分重大的意义.把遗传算法和支持向量机算法相结合,设计了具体的基于支持向量机和遗传算法的玉米籽粒特征选择算法,利用这种算法优选提取出的玉米籽粒特征,从玉米籽粒的胚部和冠部的颜色特征与形状特征中找出了对玉米品种识别贡献较大的新特征.     

Mass selection of wheat for grain filling without transient photosynthesis

Summary Post-anthesis chemical desiccation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants in the field eliminates transtent photosynthesis by killing all green tissues, thus revealing the plant's capacity for grain filling from stored stem reserves, as the case is for post-anthesis stress such as drought or leaf diseases. This study was conducted to investigate whether mass selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation would lead to the improve ment of grain filling in the absence of transient photosynthesis.Six crosses of common spring wheat were subjected to three cycles of mass selection from F₂ through F₁ when selection was performed for large kernels by sieving grains from plants that were erther chemically desiccated after anthesis, or not (controls). The resulting 36 bulks (six crosses by three selection cycles by two selection environments) were compared with their respective F₂ base populations, when tested with and without chemical desiccation.Selection for large kernels under potential conditions (without chemical desiccation) did not improve kernel weight under potnetial conditions, evidently because these materials were lacking in genetic variation for kernel weight under potential conditions. In four of the crosses, 3rd cycle selection for large kernels under potential conditions decreased kernel weight under chemical desiccation. On the other hand, selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation was effective in improving kernel weight and test weight under chemical desiccation, depending on the cross and the selection cycle, with no genetic shift in mean days to heading or mean plant height. Selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation was also effective in some cases in increasing kernel weight under potential conditions. The results are interpreted to show that selection under potential conditions and under chemical desiccation operate on two different sources for grain filling, namely transient photosynthesis and stem reserve utilization, respectively. In order to expose genetic variability for stem reserve utilization to selection pressure, transient photosynthesis must be eliminated, as done by chemical desiccation in this study.     

Estimation of genetic variance components and heritabilities for cut-flower yield in gerbera using least squares and maximum likelihood methods

Summary Genetic variance components and heritability were estimated for cut-flower yield of gerbera in the Davis population using ordinary least squares and maximum likelihood methods. The overall estimate of narrow-sense heritability is 0.33 based on least squares (LS) and 0.31 based on maximum likelihood (ML). The results of the study indicate that (1) ML and LS provide very similar results if sample size is large enough, suggesting both are useful for plant breeding programs; (2) about one third of the variation in gerbera cut-flower yield is additive, implying selection in cut-flower will be successful; and (3) although additive variation gradually decreased, heritability remained near 0.27 suggesting there is still potential variation in the population for further selection.     

陆地棉高品质系数量性状的遗传变异与选择指数

 研究了20个高品质陆地棉品系12个数量性状的遗传变异、广义遗传力、遗传相关及产量的选择指数。结果表明,单株产量和株铃数具有较大的遗传变异,纤维品质性状的遗传变异较小,说明继续改良高品质系的产量性状潜力较大。纤维品质性状的广义遗传力介于79.07%~89.47%之间,产量及产量组分性状中以衣分和铃重最高,广义遗传力分别为89.1%和81.85%,单株皮棉重最低,为55.05%。单株皮棉重与株铃数、株铃数与果枝数成极显著遗传正相关。利用与单株皮棉重遗传相关较强的多个性状构建的选择指数,比单纯选择单株皮棉重的效果好,其中以单株皮棉重、株铃数、果枝数和果节数结合选择的效果最佳。