不同向日葵品种对黄萎病的抗性*

采用浸根接种法鉴定不同向日葵种质资源对黄萎病的抗性差异。结果表明：40份供试向日葵品种依据抗性划分标准共分为3类,其中中抗品种有5份如：‘118’、‘新葵杂5号’等;低抗品种有8份如‘767’、‘KJ003’等;其余27份供试材料均呈现感病;没有鉴定出免疫和高抗的向日葵品种。     

三峡库区野生红三叶苗期抗旱性灰色关联分析

以三峡库区采集的9份野生红三叶和3份国内外品种为材料,在干旱胁迫下,测定其地上生物量、地下生物量和脯氨酸含量等10项指标,进行灰色关联度分析。结果表明,筛选出地下生物量、脯氨酸含量和叶绿素a含量3项可对红三叶抗旱性进行评价的指标;根据红三叶抗旱性评估模型综合评估值(φ_K)得出材料的抗旱性排序为:瑞德(Red)>CQ5>CQ9>多丽(Dory)>CQ2>CQ4>CQ7>CQ3>CQ1>巫溪>CQ8>CQ6。     

4种高原乡土禾草的抗旱生理比较

采用盆栽法对梭罗草（Roegneria thoroldiana）、草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis）、垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）和中华羊茅（Festuca sinensis）4种高原乡土禾本科牧草幼苗的抗旱性进行了比较。结果表明,一定程度的干旱胁迫后,4种禾草的游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、过氧化氢酶活性、过氧化物酶活性等均有所增加,且叶绿素分解、细胞膜透性增大、电解质外渗率增加,牧草组织细胞受到伤害。不同牧草在干旱胁迫下生理生化指标的变化不同,综合各项指标,运用隶属函数分析表明,4种禾草抗旱性强弱的排序为梭罗草>草地早熟禾>垂穗披碱草>中华羊茅。     

Resistance to a triple-combination anthelmintic in Trichostrongylus spp. on a commercial sheep farm in New Zealand

Abstract

AIM: To evaluate resistance to anthelmintics containing abamectin, levamisole, and oxfendazole (AB-LEV-OX), derquantal and abamectin (DEQ-AB), moxidectin, and monepantel in naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematodes present on a sheep farm.

METHODS: Faecal nematode egg count reduction tests (FECRT) were carried out on lambs that were approximately 7 months-old and infected with naturally acquired nematodes. Lambs were randomly allocated to one of five groups (n=15 per group): treatment with 2?mg/kg derquantel and 0.2?mg/kg abamectin; 0.2?mg/kg abamectin, 8?mg/kg levamisole HCl and 4.5?mg/kg oxfendazole; 2.5?mg/kg monepantel; 0.2?mg/kg moxidectin, or no treatment. Post-treatment samples were collected 12 days later. Abomasa and small intestines were collected from two slaughtered lambs from each of the DEQ-AB, AB-LEV-OX, moxidectin and control groups 15 days after treatment, for nematode counting.

RESULTS: The FECRT demonstrated that efficacy was 90.3 (95% CI=84.2–94.1)% for AB-LEV-OX, 54.5 (95% CI=28.4–71.1)% for moxidectin, 99.2 (95% CI=97.4–99.8)% for DEQ-AB and 100% for monepantel, across all genera. For Trichostrongylus spp. efficacy was 85.5% for AB-LEV-OX and 46.7% for moxidectin. Haemonchus spp. were fully susceptible to all treatments. Post-treatment nematode counts indicated that the resistant Trichostrongylus spp. were from the small intestine.

CONCLUSIONS: Anthelmintic resistance to both AB-LEV-OX and moxidectin was present in the Trichostrongylus genus on a commercial sheep farm. Monepantel and DEQ-AB were both effective against Trichostrongylus spp. based on FECRT results.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This finding of resistance to an AB-LEV-OX triple-combination anthelmintic in the Trichostrongylus genus in sheep in New Zealand further limits anthelmintic treatment options available, and calls into question whether this combination is suitable for use as a quarantine treatment.     

Occurrence in Italy and characteristics of lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) resistant to phenylamide fungicides

Control of lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) with phenylamide fungicides has failed in some intensive lettuce-producing areas in Northern Italy since Spring 1993. Before then, these chemicals and particularly metalaxyl, provided the best disease control. The sensitivity of Bremia lactucae isolates collected in such areas to metalaxyl was evaluated in the laboratory. These strains grew and sporulated profusely on lettuce seedlings treated with 100 and 200 ppm of metalaxyl, whereas sensitive control strains were completely inhibited when treated with fungicide concentrations ranging from 0.5–1 ppm. Thus in Italy occurrence of resistance to phenylamide fungicides in Bremia lactucae has also been demonstrated, as in almost all the countries where these chemicals were previously authorised. Subsequently, a demonstration of occurrence of resistance was made and the virulence pattern of several strains (resistant and sensitive to metalaxyl) was characterised using differential NL series containing the 13 DM resistant genes or R factors. The results suggest the occurrence of a new pathotype in Italy different from all the 16 NL Bremia lactucae races studied.     

4个多年生黑麦草品种对干旱胁迫的生理响应

为研究不同品种多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)的抗旱能力,选取4个多年生黑麦草品种,采用水培试验的方法,在温室利用PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫,测定多年生黑麦草的草坪质量、地上部与地下部增长量、含水量、叶绿素含量以及抗氧化酶活性等生理指标。研究表明,干旱胁迫至10 d时,4个多年生黑麦草品种生长均受到明显抑制,同时4个品种的植株含水量都处于下降的趋势。此外,4个品种中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶等抗氧化酶活性都出现了先上升后下降的趋势,丙二醛含量增加。利用隶属函数分析法进行抗旱性评价。结果表明,4种多年生黑麦草的抗旱能力强弱表现为Pr521>维达斯>百灵鸟> Pr525。     

土传病害生物防治研究进展

土传病害已成为严重制约我国农牧业发展的主要原因,近年来人们对于食物安全的重视和环保意识的增强,对农业的可持续发展提出了更高的要求。生物防治因其低成本、高效率、环境友好和无药物残留等特点已成为当前国内外植物病害防治的研究热点。本文从农艺措施改良和优化,利用细菌、真菌、放线菌等生防微生物进行生物防治,诱导寄主产生系统抗病性和其他生物防治方法等几个方面对国内外植物土传病害生物防治的研究现状进行了综述,提出了生物防治目前存在的问题,并对生物防治的研究进行了展望。     

新疆昌吉32个紫花苜蓿品种的田间抗病性评价北大核心CSCD

为筛选出适宜当地条件的高产抗病品种,连续2年2次调查了2018年建植于新疆昌吉市呼图壁县的32个紫花苜蓿品种上各种病害的发病率和病情指数,并测定了各品种次年的越冬率和5次刈割期的草产量,评价了不同品种的抗病性,采用灰色关联度法分析了各品种的综合特性。结果表明,试验地发生了苜蓿茎点霉叶斑与黑茎病、白粉病、黄斑病、匍柄霉叶斑病和尾孢叶斑病5种病害,且以前3种为主,前3种病害的发病率最高分别达到了97.08%、100.00%及57.14%。供试品种仅有茎点霉叶斑与黑茎病的病情指数存在显著差异(P<0.05),表现为旱地与WL343HQ的病情指数显著高于皇冠、WL168HQ与阿迪娜等品种,而其他病害品种间未表现出差异(P>0.05)。根据抗性级别的频率分布,对于苜蓿茎点霉叶斑与黑茎病,53.13%的苜蓿品种为高抗品种,25.00%的苜蓿品种为抗性品种,12.50%的苜蓿品种为中抗品种,3.13%的苜蓿品种为低抗品种,6.25%的苜蓿品种为感病品种;对于苜蓿白粉病,32个品种的抗性分布频率为抗性品种占3.13%,中抗品种占25.00%,低抗品种占15.63%,感病品种占56.25%,无高抗品种;供试品种对苜蓿黄斑病抗性分布频率为高抗品种29个,占90.63%,抗性品种占9.38%,无中抗、低抗及感病品种。32个品种的5次草产量总和为22.48~29.52 t·hm^(-2),其中,5茬总产量最高的苜蓿品种为龙威3010,总产量最低的苜蓿品种为陇东苜蓿。供试的所有品种未出现明显冻害,越冬良好,越冬率均在80%以上,其中有22个品种大于90%。综合特性较好的5个品种为皇冠、WL363HQ、中苜3号、敖汉苜蓿和旱地(综合得分0.850~0.942),较差的品种为耐盐之星、WL343HQ、冲击波、雷霆与陇东苜蓿(综合得分0.650~0.721)。