Effects of a plastic cover on soil moisture change in a Mediterranean climatic regime

Water deficit is a serious problem for most agricultural crops, especially in arid–semiarid regions, and limits sustainable development. Production can be improved by reducing evapotranspiration and loss of infiltrated water by the use of a plastic cover. We monitored soil moisture fortnightly over 1 yr using a neutron probe near four trees in an olive grove (Olea europaea, var. Arbequina), two of which had a plastic cover buried in the topsoil around them. These trees were monitored using three neutron probe access tubes per tree to compare the behaviour of soil moisture over time with two other identically instrumented and nearby trees with no cover. Analysis was based on the resultant moisture profiles. The plastic cover retained moisture and increased soil water residence time. During the dry season, the amount of water retained in the plots was at most 15–20% greater in the mid‐season and at least 5–6% greater at the end of season than in the central part of the plots near the trunk. The plastic cover was effective to ca. 50 cm with maximum water content near the soil surface. During the wet season, the cover did not affect soil water. Soil moisture was greater near the tree trunk as a result of stemflow and throughfall.     

冻胀反力系数在渠道衬砌冻胀弹性地基梁模型中的应用

为了探究渠道基土在冻胀过程中的非线性变形特性对渠道衬砌冻胀的影响,基于冻土三轴试验结果,建立考虑围压和温度的邓肯-张本构模型,参考室内三轴试验测定基床系数方法,应用数值模拟法建立冻胀反力系数随被约束冻胀量变化的计算式,并基于有限差分法离散弹性地基梁平衡微分方程。模型考虑衬砌不同点因被约束冻胀量不同引起冻胀反力系数不同的取值问题,克服以往模型中冻胀反力系数取常量的不足。应用解析解验证模型的合理性,探究冻胀反力系数分别为变量与常量时在梯形渠道衬砌冻胀力学响应计算结果上的差异。结果表明,对于边坡和渠底衬砌板,常量冻胀反力系数计算出的最大冻胀反力是变量的1.43倍,计算出的弯矩最大值平均是变量的1.12倍。因此在采用弹性地基梁理论分析渠道衬砌冻胀问题时,若冻胀反力系数采用常量,不考虑冻土的非线性变形,会使得计算结果偏大。研究结果可为大型梯形渠道衬砌抗冻胀设计提供参考。     

Leaching of carbon and nitrogen from a sandy soil substrate: A comparison between suction plates and ion exchange resins

To determine boundary effects on leaching, we investigated (1) how filter materials affect the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrate (NO₃‐N) in soil percolates and (2) whether ion exchange resins and suction plates are equally suited to capture NO₃‐N. DOC leaching was higher with PE suction plates and plate material did not affect NO₃‐N leachate concentrations. Cumulative NO₃‐N leaching was similar for glass suction plates and ion exchange resins.     

Dung decomposition and pedoturbation in a seasonally dry tropical pasture

Rates of dung decomposition and the associated accumulation of soil transported to the surface were compared for dung deposited during a dry and a wet season in a Costa Rican pasture. Average decomposition rates for the first 140 days after deposition were significantly lower for dung patches deposited at the beginning of the dry season than for patches deposited at the beginning of the wet season (0.73 vs. 1.50 g/day^-1 on a dry weight basis). A strong linear relationship was found between dung removal and soil accumulation at the original soil surface, with an average of 2.0 g soil accumulated for every gram of dung which was removed. This relationship was not affected by deposition season. The lack of a seasonal difference, along with the relatively low decomposition rates during the wet season, were explained by the dominance of termites in the dung patches throughout the year. Evidence of dung beetle activity was never recorded during the dry season and was found in only 18 of the 45 dung patches recovered during the wet season.     

不同分层土壤对锌的吸附解吸特性

为探究重金属锌在不同分层土壤中的吸附解吸特性,了解锌在分层土壤中的迁移规律,试验通过批量平衡试验,分析了锌在4个分层土壤(耕作层、犁底层、心土层、母质层)中的吸附解吸行为。结果表明:各分层土壤对锌的吸附动力学过程包括快速吸附、慢速吸附、吸附平衡3个阶段,准二级动力学方程对吸附过程的拟合效果优于准一级动力学方程,Langmuir方程能更好的拟合4种分层黑土对锌的等温吸附过程,4种土壤分层对锌的吸附能力由大到小的顺序为耕作层、犁底层、心土层、母质层,是因为随着土壤深度的增加,土壤有机质质量分数逐渐减小,4种分层土壤对锌的吸附能力逐渐降低。吸附热力学试验表明,随着温度的升高,各分层土壤对锌的吸附量均逐渐增大,ΔG<0(ΔG为吉布斯自由能的变化),ΔH>0(ΔH是标准焓变),ΔS>0(ΔS是标准熵变)说明了4个分层土壤对锌的吸附过程为自发、吸热、无序的过程。Zn的解吸量与吸附量呈正比,最大解吸量随着剖面深度的增加而减小,且均存在滞后效应。N、P质量浓度的增加,可以提高土壤固定Zn的能力,减小Zn对土壤农作物、地下水的重金属危害。     

海南霸王岭热带山地雨林森林循环与群落特征研究

以海南霸王岭1hm^2热带山地雨林的网格样方调查数据为基础，首先对全林分的群落特征进行了分析，然后以森林循环理论为指导，研究了热带山地雨林的种群与群落特征。结果表明：热带山地雨林中不同生活型的树种在利用垂直和水平生态资源上是相对分离的，绝大部分的灌木或小乔木树种的水平生态位宽度较大，垂直生态位宽度较小，中、大乔木则正好相反，而那些低密度、稀有种的生态位宽度最小。随森林循环过程的进行，各树种在不同阶段斑块内出现的频度也会发生相应的变化。霸王岭热带山地雨林中占优势的乔灌木树种大都呈聚集分布的格局，个体数中等的树种大都呈均匀分布的格局，而那些个体数少的低密度种则大都呈随机分布的格局。随着森林循环过程的推进，每个树种所拥有的个体数和所占据的面积是逐渐减少的。森林循环不同阶段内的树种数随着个体数的增加呈现出逐渐减少的总趋势，尤其是由单个体和双个体所对应的物种数较多，3个以上个体对应的树种数则呈现出明显的下降。不同斑块之间组成相似性的大小在一定程度上表明了热带山地雨林森林循环斑块动态的连续性，相邻阶段斑块之间的相似性大于不相邻阶段斑块。以森林循环阶段为基础计算的生态位宽度表明，热带山地雨林中大部分低密度的树种或只集中分布在森林循环的少数阶段斑块内的树种对不同阶段斑块的生态资源利用较少，而那些在森林循环的不同阶段都出现，且个体数或断面积中等的树种，对森林循环不同阶段斑块的生态资源利用较大。     

市域尺度的稀有濒危土壤类型的界定与评价——以郑州市为例

在当今世界城市化高速发展的背景下,土壤资源的保护也越来越受到人们的关注,土壤多样性骤减也成为了全球关注的焦点,界定和评价稀有濒危土壤对于保护土壤资源及其多样性具有非常重要的指导意义。本文以郑州市为例,应用土壤类型密度和土壤多样性两种多样性测度方法分别对郑州市1 km×1 km和5 km×5 km网格尺度下基于不同分类级别的土壤空间多样性分布格局进行了分析和定量化研究;利用1988、2001、2007和2013年4期遥感资料进行土地利用分类,结合基于第二次土壤普查的1∶20万郑州市土壤图,采用多时相连续对比法对郑州市近25年来土地利用变化对土壤的扰动情况进行了分析;结合土壤多样性方法和传统评价方法界定和评价了稀有濒危土壤。结果表明,郑州市土壤整体分布较为均匀,且随着分类单元级别的降低,构成组分多样性指数升高,即分类越细,土壤类型分布越均匀;1988~2013年郑州市土壤受到非农建设扰动剧烈,干扰比例为16.01%,随着时间的推移,土壤受扰动的速度是呈上升趋势的;稀有土属有16种,濒危土属有2种,稀有濒危土属有4种。截止2013年濒危土属整体受到扰动比例高达35.38%,而稀有土属受到扰动比例为8.76%。     

不同提取方法对土壤中活性部分重金属提取能力的对比研究

采集不同酸碱度的4种土壤样品,采用人工外源添加方式配制As、cu、Ni、Pb和zn污染土壤,并应用Tessier、BCR和TCLP对土壤中重金属的活性部分进行提取,结果表明,BCR能较合理地提取出酸性土壤中的活性部分重金属,Tessier能较合理地提取出碱性土壤中的．活性部分重金属;对不同性质土壤中重金属进行形态提取应采用不同的提取方法。     

Availability and plant uptake of nutrients following the application of paper pulp and lime to tropical acid soils

Availability and plant uptake of nutrients were evaluated in three tropical acid soils (Kandiudult) amended with paper pulp and lime under greenhouse conditions. Amendments were applied to attain target pH values of 5.5, 6.0, and 6.5. A control treatment (no paper pulp or lime added) was also included. Rye grass (Lolium perenne L.) as a test plant was grown for three successive cycles of 40 days each. Extractable nutrients and cumulative nutrient uptake were determined. The application of paper pulp or lime resulted in a significant increase in exchangeable Ca and K and a decrease in exchangeable Mg and extractable Fe, Mn, and Zn. Amendment of soils with paper pulp or lime increased plant uptake of Ca and Mg and decreased that of K, Mn, and Zn. Both amendments behaved similarly, but the effect of lime seemed generally greater than that of paper pulp. Paper pulp in tropical acid soils behaved as a liming agent rather than an organic amendment. Similar to lime, amendment of soils with paper pulp resulted in an increase in availability of Ca and Mg and in a decrease in availability of K, Mn, and Zn for plants. Soil extractions appeared to be appropriate for assessing the availability of Ca, Mn, and Zn. Soil pH and effective cation exchange capacity positively influenced the availability of Ca and negatively the availability of Mn and Zn. Thus, the precision of predicting nutrient availability in paper pulp amended tropical acid soils could be improved by including soil pH or effective cation exchange capacity in relevant regression equations.     

含水量和容重对旱地耕层土壤热导率的影响及预测

土壤热导率是研究地表能量平衡和土壤水热运移过程中的一个基础参数。受土壤耕作、干湿交替和根系生长等过程的影响,耕层土壤的含水率和结构呈现较强的变异特征,而目前缺乏关于定量分析耕层土壤热导率变异特征的研究。该研究利用田间定位试验,采用热脉冲技术测定了含水率和容重变化条件下耕层土壤热导率的变异特征,并利用传递函数模型对耕层土壤热导率进行了预测。结果表明:含水率和容重是影响耕层土壤热导率变异的主要因子,而耕作强度和干湿交替是这种变异的关键驱动力;与翻耕和旋耕处理相比,免耕处理提高了土壤容重和含水率,从而增大了土壤热导率;在干湿交替作用下,翻耕后土壤容重逐步增加,耕层热导率也呈现上升趋势,波动幅度与含水率的变化相关。基于含水率、容重和质地信息,土壤热导率传递函数模型可以给出可靠的田间土壤热导率估计值,其均方根误差和平均偏差分别为0.09和-0.01 W/(m·K);考虑耕层土壤容重的动态信息,可以提高该模型预测土壤热导率的准确性。