单纯形—正反步长优化方法（SSPSS）及其在农业上的应用

本文提出了一种新的多变量有约束非线性函数的寻优方法——单纯形一正反步长法(SSPSS)。文中详细阐述了该方法的搜索策略和具体步骤。同时,通过实例比较了相对步长模拟法的优点。     

Air pollution affects food security in China: taking ozone as an example

Air pollution is becoming an increasingly important environmental concern due to its visible negative impact on human health. However, air pollution also affects agricultural crops or food security directly or indirectly, which has not so far received sufficient attention. In this overview, we take ozone (O ₃ ) as an example to analyze the principles and extent of the impact of air pollution on food security in China based on a review of the literature. Current O ₃ pollution shows a clear negative impact on food security, causing around a 10% yield decrease for major cereal crops according to a large number of field studies around the world. The mean yield decrease of winter wheat is predicted to be up to 20% in China, based on the projection of future ground-level O ₃ concentration in 2020, if no pollution control measures are implemented. Strict mitigation of NO _x and VOC _s (two major precursors of O ₃ ) emissions is crucial for reducing the negative impacts of ground-level O ₃ on food security. Breeding new crop cultivars with tolerance to high ground-level O ₃ should receive serious consideration in future research programs. In addition, integrated soil-crop system management will be an important option to mitigate the negative effects of elevated ground-level O ₃ on cereal crop production and food quality.     

土壤—作物资源多目标优化配置分析

本文提出一种多目标土壤—作物资源优化配置的数量化分析方法,并对江苏省东海县土壤资源进行优化配置。结果表明：白浆土、岭砂土、包浆土、紫砂土等岗岭低产土应稳定小麦面积,压缩玉米面积,优先发展春花生、大豆、水稻;洼地砂姜黑土、水稻土应发展小麦—水稻和小麦—玉米两熟制,并适时换茬;介于上述两类土壤间的潮棕壤亚类和潮土类应大力发展小麦—花生两熟制。     

粮油作物真菌毒素污染现状及控制

真菌毒素是由某些丝状真菌产生的致癌、致畸、致突变的毒性副产物,对玉米、水稻、小麦、花生、大豆和油菜等多种粮油作物具有极大的危害性,严重威胁环境安全、食品安全和人类健康。随着世界人口的急剧增加和主要农作物种植面积的扩大,粮油农产品中的真菌毒素污染有逐年加重的趋势。本文对粮油作物中主要真菌毒素种类及污染现状进行了综述,分析了导致真菌毒素污染加重的环境影响因子,提出了粮油作物不同生长时期真菌毒素污染防控措施,特别是生物防控技术,展望了真菌毒素污染生物防控的作用模式及类型。     

2021年度国家自然科学基金农学基础与作物学学科项目申请、评审与资助情况分析

为持续推进科学基金改革,促进学科均衡、协调和可持续发展,分析了国家自然科学基金农学基础与作物学学科2021年度新申请代码下的项目申请、评审与资助情况及基于4类科学问题属性的分类申请与资助情况等,提出了项目申请存在的主要问题和建议.     

基于VOSviewer的农作物遥感制图研究的文献特征与热点演变分析

[目的]作为农作物长势监测、产量估测和灾害评估的基础,及时、准确获取农作物空间分布信息对农业生产管理、农业可持续发展及国家粮食安全等具有重要意义.[方法]文章从农作物遥感制图的研究热点和前沿出发,基于Science Citation Index Expanded(SCIE)和CNKI数据库,利用VOSviewer软件对...     

RESPONSE OF WHEAT COMPOSITE CROSS POPULATIONS TO DISEASE AND CLIMATE VARIATION OVER 13 GENERATIONS

• Agronomic performance of wheat populations comparable to modern cultivars.• Performance of populations depends on parental cultivar selection.• Agronomic advantage of populations under particular environmental stresses.• Heterogeneous populations better suited to low-input conditions.Since the F₅ (2005), three winter wheat composite cross populations (CCPs) based on germplasm specifically suitable for low-input conditions were subjected to natural selection under organic and conventional management. In the F₆, each CCP was divided into two parallel populations (12 CCPs in total) and maintained continuously until 2018. Commonly used modern cultivars with different disease susceptibilities were grown alongside to assess the agronomic performance of the CCPs. The organically managed CCPs were comparable in yield and foliar disease resistance to two continuously used reference cultivars, Achat and Capo. In contrast, under conventional management the cv. Capo outyielded the CCPs (Achat was not tested), highlighting the importance of parental cultivar choice for specific management systems. The CCPs were found to be moderately resistant to brown rust and even to the newly emerged stripe rust races prevalent in Europe since 2011. Differences between the CCPs were mainly due to parental genetic background and were significant in the first five generations, but were no longer so in the last five generations. In addition, these differences tended to vary depending on the experimental year and the environmental stresses present. In conclusion, the CCPs despite being derived from older cultivars are able to compete with more recently released reference cultivars under organic farming practices and represent a dynamic germplasm resource.     

莴笋-空心菜-莴笋种植模式下不同改良剂对退化土壤中植株养分利用的影响

在退化土壤中添加不同改良剂,通过莴笋-空心菜-莴笋的盆栽试验,对比分析了6种改良剂对蔬菜产量、品质、养分的影响,以期为评价改良剂对退化土壤中的植株养分的利用效果提供科学依据。结果表明,1)不同改良剂处理能有效提高蔬菜产量,其中化肥配施生物质灰渣(NPKH)和化肥配施生物肥(NPKW)处理的蔬菜产量增幅最大。2)各处理较CK提高了蔬菜体内N{Invalid MML}-N含量,本试验中莴笋的硝酸盐含量符合GB/T15401规定,未对莴笋品质产生不利影响;而化肥配施改良剂比单施化肥(NPK)有利于降低莴笋中N{Invalid MML}-N含量,以NPKW处理最佳,较NPK处理下降了7.8%~63.0%。与单施化肥相比,NPKH处理提高了蔬菜氨基酸含量,降低了硝酸盐含量,提高了氮肥表观利用率。3)NPKH处理的肥料农学利用率较高,可以有效提高莴笋中全磷、全钾含量,其中全钾含量较CK显著提高了43.4%~58.9%;NPKH和NPKW处理在空心菜种植期间,对氮肥、磷肥、钾肥的农学利用率较高,提高了空心菜对全氮、全磷、全钾营养元素的吸收量。研究表明化肥配施改良剂,特别是化肥配施生物质灰渣或生物肥可以提高蔬菜养分利用率,增加产量的同时降低硝酸盐的累积。     

Verification of Glyphosate Resistance,Lepidopteran Resistance and Wide Compatibility of Male Sterile Line E1C4008S in Rice

Weeds and insect pests are two important biotic stresses resulting in yield loss in rice, and wide compatibility is the essential characteristic of breeding inter-subspecific hybrid rice. This study focused on glyphosate resistance, lepidopteran resistance and wide compatibility as well as identification of molecular and some agronomic characteristics of transgenic male sterile line E1 C4008 S. The results indicated that glyphosate resistance gene Epsps# and lepidopteran resistance gene Cry1 ca~# were transferred into japonica wide compatibility male sterile line 4008 S by Agrobacterium-mediated method, and four independent transformation events named E1 C4008 S-1, E1 C4008 S-2, E1 C4008 S-3 and E1 C4008 S-4 were obtained, in which E1 C4008 S-3 and E1 C4008 S-4 were of single copy insertion. The EPSPS protein contents of E1 C4008 S-3 and E1 C4008 S-4 in different organs were significantly different both in descending order of leaf stem root, and ranged from 300.58 to 1410.69 μg/g at the tillering stage. The glyphosate tolerable concentration(dosage) of E1 C4008 S-3 and E1 C4008 S-4 reached at least 16 g/L(54.42 kg/hm2), and the seeds of E1 C4008 S-4 can germinate normally on the medium containing 1 g/L glyphosate. The CRY1 C protein contents of E1 C4008 S-3 and E1 C4008 S-4 in different organs were significantly different both in descending order of leaf stem root, and ranged from 0.62 to 2.43 μg/g at the tillering stage. The larvae mortalities of rice leaf rollers fed on leaves of E1 C4008 S-3 and E1 C4008 S-4 for 5 d were 95.35% and 97.77%, respectively, while the average mortalities of silkworms fed with protein extracts from leaves of E1 C4008 S-3 and E1 C4008 S-4 reached 94.55% and 83.64%, respectively. The results suggested that wide compatibility and evaluated agronomic traits of E1 C4008 S-4 were not significantly changed by insertion of the exogenous genes. Overall, a novel male sterile germplasm with glyphosate resistance, lepidopteran resistance and wide compatibility was verified to be developed in rice.