Residual nitrogen effect of clover-ryegrass swards on yield and N uptake of a subsequent winter wheat crop as studied by use of N methodology and mathematical modelling

The residual effect of 2-year-old swards of clover-ryegrass mixture and ryegrass in monoculture on yield and N uptake in a subsequent winter wheat crop was investigated by use of the ¹⁵N dilution method and by mathematical modelling. The amount of N in the wheat crop, derived from clover-ryegrass residues was 25–43% greater than that derived from residues of ryegrass which had been growing in monoculture. Expressed in absolute values, the N uptake in the subsequent winter wheat crop was 23–28 kg N ha ⁻¹ greater after clover-ryegrass mixture than after ryegrass in monoculture. Up to about 54 kg N ha⁻¹ of the N mineralised from the clover-ryegrass crop was calculated to be leached, whereas only 11 kg N ha⁻¹ was leached following ryegrass in monoculture.     

关于农村经济发展的几个问题

我国农业劳动力资源充裕,是农村经济发展的一大优势,也是农业劳动生产率低、农民收入少,城乡差别大的症结所在。唯一出路是改革农村产业结构,促进农业剩余劳动力向林牧渔业及乡镇企业转移,这不仅是农民致富的必由之路,并且是解决我国农民问题的重大战略部署。粮食是农村产业结构改革的基础,要防止重工轻农,放松粮食生产倾向。主要途经是发展专业化、社会化、商品化生产,逐步改变粮食价格背离价值的状况,增强增产粮食的内在动力。在粮食供求平衡的条件下,加快发展经济作物和林牧渔业,积极发展乡镇工业和第三产业,向农村工业化、城乡一体化方向发展,这是建设具有中国特色的社会主义的重要标志之一。     

作物需水量预报的优化模型

作物需水量预报是灌区土壤墒情预报和灌溉预报的基础。通过对关中泾惠、洛惠和交口抽渭灌区气象资料的分析,用彭曼法计算了历史潜在蒸散量ET_0,利用因子分析法建立了灌区作物需水量随气温、天气而变化的ET_0预报模型,对建立的每月六种模型作进一步的相关分析、符合性、显著性检验,进而由综合评判优选出了适合于灌区ET_0预报的数学模型,开发了作物需水量预报模型建立与优化的通用计算机软件。     

川东丘陵区头季稻密度和肥料对再生稻产量的影响

用二次回归正交旋转组合设计法，研究头季稻密度和肥料对再生稻产量的影响，并建立了数学模型，解析了单因子效应和交素作用，得出川东地区头季稻留蓄再生稻最优农艺措施组合方案为：密度３０．７３－３１．５４万窝／ｈａ，Ｎ１２６．２１－１２８．９６ｋｇ／ｈａ，Ｐ２Ｏ５８０．３４－８２．７８ｋｇ／ｈａ，Ｋ２Ｏ９５．４２－１０３．８４ｋｇ／ｈａ，头季稻产量可达８２５０ｋｇ／ｈａ，再生稻产量达３０００ｋｇ／ｈａ以...     

作物对多种病害抗病性的计算机检索

本文列出了一个适合于Sharp PC—1500袖珍计算机的工作程序,它可用于小麦条锈病、白粉病、病毒病,以及叶斑病的田间抗病性数据收集及检索。也可按照育种家和植物病理学家的不同要求对作物抗病性资料进行整理。     

巢湖市“五早”作物生产可持续发展的思考

针对巢湖市"五早"作物生产的实施成效和面临的形势与问题,从优质高产、市场流通、配套服务等多方面提出了可持续发展的"三大"转变措施.     

庆阳市气候四季变化分析及对作物种植的影响

应用中国气象局2012年发布的气候季节划分标准QX/T152-2012,利用庆阳市8站1981——2016年的逐日平均气温资料对庆阳市气候四季进行了划分,得出该区常年气候分为无夏季区和四季分明区。入春时间在4月中旬末至下旬初,西南早东北迟;入夏时间(四季分明区)在6月底至7月下旬,西北早中南迟;入秋时间在7月中旬末至8月中旬,东早西迟;入冬时间在10月中旬末至下旬初,东北早西南迟。采用线性相关分析法对四季分明区的入季日期进行分析得出：入春、入夏日期逐年呈现提前趋势,入冬日期呈现推后趋势,秋季持续天数呈现延长趋势,冬季持续天数呈现缩短趋势。为应对气候变化,该区近年来调整种植结构,引进了耐寒抗旱的藜麦,扩大紫花苜蓿的种植,发展畜牧业,大力发展苹果产业,加大设施农业投入。     

山东省粮食生产与化肥施用状况研究

对山东省建国以来的粮食作物产量与施肥状况进行了探讨,结果表明:建国以来,山东省粮食产量和化肥用量都在逐步增加,化肥与粮食单产之间呈显著正相关,但20世纪90年代粮食产量呈现下降的趋势,而化肥用量仍然增加,化肥的增产效率逐年降低;同时作为山东省主要粮食作物的小麦、玉米的产量呈现与粮食相同的趋势,通过对山东省几个地区的调查结果来看,小麦、玉米施肥量处于较高水平,且地区间施肥量、氮磷钾肥的施用比例以及化肥在两种作物上的分配比例差异较大。     

Influence of land management on soil nutrients and microbial biomass in the central loess plateau,northwest China

Loss of soil organic matter under cropping systems is often considered one of the most serious forms of agriculturally induced soil degradation. Therefore, understanding how to improve or maintain soil fertility is of importance for sustainable systems of agriculture. This study deals with the effects of succession fallow and fertilization combined with crop rotation on the chemical properties and microbial biomass of soil in the central Loess Plateau, China. In order to create a more uniform experimental environment and avoid the influence of different crop residues, wheat/potato (W/P) rotation was selected as a fertilization treatment. The results showed that with increasing fallow time organic carbon (Corg) and total nitrogen (TN) slightly increased, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and MBC/Corg gradually decreased, and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) remained unchanged. However, only MBC/Corg among all the microbial parameters measured showed significant differences at various stages of fallow. Although there was a decrease in organic carbon and total nitrogen in the fertilized plots, MBC was not significantly different in the various fallow and fertilized plots except for one‐year‐old fallows, which had the highest MBC. MBN, MBC/Corg and MBN/TN in fertilized plots were higher than for plots at different stages of fallow. Fertilization can increase organic carbon, total nitrogen, MBC and MBN content (compared to the control). It was concluded that appropriate land management, such as fertilization combined with crop rotation and reducing one‐year‐old fallow, would be useful ways to improve or maintain soil fertility. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于贝叶斯最大熵和多源数据的作物需水量空间预测

作物需水量是灌溉工程规划、设计和管理的重要基础数据,充分利用多源数据和先验知识,快速经济地获取精度较高的区域作物需水量对于区域水资源的优化配置具有重要意义。为精确预测作物需水量,该文以长系列实际监测和校核作物系数后计算得到的作物需水量为硬数据,利用硬数据确定获得最大熵的约束条件,根据软数据获取渠道的不同(部分年份缺失的站点数据、文献中获得的数据、利用灌溉试验数据库中的作物需水量资料,采用协同克立格方法获得的数据、考虑主要地形因子和主要气象要素的影响,采用主成分分析和地理加权回归(geographically weighted regression,GWR)方法获得作物需水量数据以及遥感数据),提出不同来源软数据的概率密度函数表达方法,采用贝叶斯最大熵(Bayesian maximum entropy,BME)方法对不同来源的作物需水量信息进行有机整合。结果表明:除硬数据+文献软数据外,其他数据整合呈现一致结果。华北地区冬小麦作物需水量在豫南地区较小,中部地区黄河北岸有连片的相对高值区,山东需水量相对较高,冀东北的乐亭、唐山附近有相对低值区。除硬数据+文献软数据比不整合的精度低9.41%外,其他软数据源均可不同程度地提高整合效果,硬数据+克立格软数据、硬数据+GWR软数据和硬数据+除文献数据外的其他软数据分别比不整合的精度提高85.33%、85.75%和91.69%。对考虑地形、气象等要素的多源数据进行整合可更好地反映冬小麦作物需水量空间分布的细节,显著提高估算精度,为稀疏监测站点地区水土资源的精准管理和优化配置提供数据支撑。