Application of traditional knowledge in forest management: Ethnobotanical indicators of sustainable forest use

Forest management has been usefully defined in terms of production, utilization and distribution of products, and the institutional or organizational arrangements by which they are carried out. Both technical and social aspects of forest management are treated as parts of a single system. Traditional knowledge of the use and management of forests still has a vital role to play in forest management today. This is because traditional practices are believed to be often favourable towards conservation and sustainable use. It is therefore valuable to establish a framework to evaluate the contribution of traditional knowledge to forest management today. Accordingly, a framework, based on ethnobotanical information, is proposed in this paper, with quantitative and qualitative indicators suggested for different variables relating to traditional knowledge. The discussion is based on ethnobotanical case studies from Yunnan and other provinces of China in which we have been working.     

Erythrina brucei: Propagation attributes, leaf nutrient concentration and impact on barley grain yield

Erythrina brucei Schweinf. emend. Gillett (Papilionaceae),a tree species that is endemic to Ethiopia, is known to possess useful agroforestry attributes, but these attributes have not been quantified. To achieve this, propagation of the species, growth rate of young trees and their impact on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and leaf-nutrient concentrations were examined. Germination of seeds planted in plastic pots varied from 73 to 93%, and direct seeding in the field yielded 83%germination. Branch cuttings obtained from 2 to 3-year-old stock plants (n =150) resulted in 70 to 80% rooting within 8 to 12 weeks after setting cuttings into the rooting medium. Considerable nodulation occurred on leaves one year after planting out seedlings and stecklings. Leaf concentrations of Mg, N,P, and S were significantly lower in nodulated than in the non-nodulated leaves. On the other hand, leaf Fe concentration was higher in nodulated than in the non-nodulated leaves. There was no significant difference in Ca and K contentsbetween the nodulated and non-nodulated leaves. E. brucei-treatment significantly increased tiller and seed numbers, as well as seed weight. However, thousand-grain weight and grain size were similar in harvests from E. brucei-treated and the control plots. The results indicate that the species is easy to propagate by seed and vegetative means, grows fast, is desirable for intercropping, and has relatively high leaf-nutrient concentration.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

城市林业概述与发展趋势

随着社会经济的快速发展和城市化进程的加快,城市环境问题日益成为社会各界和学术界关注的焦点,城市林业在城市建设与发展中的地位和作用越来越受到重视。介绍城市林业的基本概念和内涵,比较城市林业与传统林业在属性、经营管理和功能方面的差别。借助已有的研究数据和成果,阐述城市林业在城市发展中的作用及其能解决的问题。针对城市林业发展的现状和存在的问题,提出现代城市林业面临的机遇和挑战以及未来发展趋势。     

中国古典园林中的"收"与"放"分析

中国人对于“人要征服自然”和“人是自然的一部分”的辩证统一关系的认识和态度,是中国古典园林形成的哲学依据。该文通过对中国古典造园的思想背景、总体布局、空间组织、园林建筑、掇山理水、植物配置等造景元素中“收”与“放”的分析,阐明了“收”与“放”的对比与联系在古典园林中所产生的社会效果和审美效果：     

Integrating traditional and local ecological knowledge into forest biodiversity conservation in the Pacific Northwest

The potential for traditional and local ecological knowledge to contribute to biodiversity conservation has been widely recognized, but the actual application of this knowledge to biodiversity conservation is not easy. This paper synthesizes literature about traditional and local ecological knowledge and forest management in the Pacific Northwest to evaluate what is needed to accomplish this goal. We address three topics: (1) views and values people have relating to biodiversity; (2) the resource use and management practices of local forest users, and their effects on biodiversity; (3) models for integrating traditional and local ecological knowledge into biodiversity conservation on public and private lands. We focus on the ecological knowledge of forest users belonging to three groups who inhabit the region: American Indians, family forest owners, and commercial nontimber forest product harvesters.     

HPLC-PDAD法检测3种中兽药散剂中违规添加4种喹诺酮类药物的研究

为了建立检测中兽药散剂中违规添加氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星4种喹诺酮类药物的反相高效液相色谱法（HPLC-PDAD）,采用Atlantis T3（十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶．4．6min×250mm,5μm）色谱柱,流动相为磷酸溶液：乙腈：甲醇（85．5：7.0：7．5）,流速为1．0mL／min。检测波长为283nm。4种喹诺酮类药物检查方法的线性关系良好,r〉0．9999;回收率均在98．4％～104．6％范围内,RSD均在0．9％～2．3％之间;4种喹诺酮类药物在肥猪散、健胃散、银翘散3种中兽药散剂中的检出限均为200mg／kg。该方法可用于中兽药散剂中违规添加喹诺酮类药物的检测。     

当代中国热带庭园与传统岭南庭园的历史情结

文章分析传统岭南庭园的造园艺术在当代热带庭园设计中的运用和发展,重点对空间渗透交流、视线与空间序列、花木营造等方面进行分析,找寻其中的历史情结,以期为中国当代热带庭园的传承与创新提供一些参考。     

Rearing of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and vundu catfish (Heterobranchus longifilis) in traditional fish ponds (whedos): Effect of stocking density on growth, production and body composition

African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) (initial body weight: 34.8 ± 4.8 g) and vundu catfish (Heterobranchus longifilis) (initial body weight: 39.1 ± 8.2 g) fingerlings were stocked at densities of 4, 6 or 8 fish m^− 3 in traditional fish ponds (whedos) constructed in the floodplain of the Oueme River (South Benin, West Africa), for 70 days from March to June 2005. Fish were fed twice a day with 34% crude protein feed formulated with locally available ingredients. The effects of stocking density were evaluated in growth responses, gross production and body composition. Water quality variables were similar (p > 0.05) in all compartments. Temperature and pH were at the optimum level for fish. Dissolved oxygen ranged from 0.9 to 1.2 mg l^− 1 during the experiment and secchi disc transparency was low (< 14 cm). In both species, growth responses increased with the increasing density, significantly in African catfish stocked at density of 8 fish m^− 3 compared to the other densities (4 and 6 fish m^− 3) but not significantly in vundu catfish. Production data ranged from 3.1 ± 0.5 to 22.8 ± 4.5 t ha^− 1 year^− 1 in African catfish and from 6.1 ± 1.2 to 15.1 ± 3.1 t ha^− 1 year^− 1 in vundu catfish. Production increased with increasing stocking densities but only significantly (p < 0.05) between the density of 8 fish m^− 3 and the other densities. In both species, carcass fat increased with increasing density (p < 0.05) while carcass protein and moisture decreased (p > 0.05). These results are important because they indicate that, as far as growth rate and production are concerned, African catfish is more profitable than vundu catfish for culture at high density in whedo.     

中国传统犁及其技术传播

关于中国犁的起源要远早于西亚。尽管西起地中海沿岸,东到中国、日本,有东西横贯亚洲大陆的"长底犁的道路",但犁型多样性特别丰富的西亚和印度东部只能作为犁起源的候补地。不过要深入探究中国犁的起源问题,还有很长的路要走。     

人口·制度与传统中国农业技术发展研究——国内外学者的研究评述

对传统中国农业发展研究中的“人口论”和“制度论”进行了分析，认为有其合理性，但也存在一定不足。尽管有人口压力，传统中国的农业技术一直保持在一个较高的水平。在没有农业以外部门的科学技术的突破与发展的背景下，传统中国农业技术的发展长期陷在“高水平的陷阱”中。因此，笔者认为，在解释传统中国农业技术发展滞后的社会原因时，应注意“传统”与“现代”农业技术的分野。