山毛豆草粉颗粒料对肉兔的饲用价值评定

为探讨山毛豆(Tephrosia candida)草粉对肉兔的饲用价值,将60只新西兰青年肉兔分为5组,分别添加0％(对照),10％,20％,30％和40％的山毛豆草粉制成全价颗粒饲料,饲喂90 d后测定各组饲料的营养成分及肉兔采食量、日增重、料重比和屠宰性能.结果表明:山毛豆营养生长期粗蛋白含量为17.77％,肉兔对山毛豆中粗蛋白的消化率为78.09％,山毛豆的可消化总养分为56.18％.与对照组相比,添加20％草粉日增重达到20.80 g·d-1(P＜0.01);料重比为4.45∶ 1(P＜0.05)；屠宰率为57.78％(P＜0.01)；单位kg增重平均最低饲料成本差异显著(P＜0.05).因此,添加20％山毛豆草粉制成全价颗粒饲料可显著提高肉兔的生产性能和养殖效益.     

二氧化碳输送管道关键技术研究现状

碳捕集与封存作为减少温室气体排放的重要手段成为全球研究热点，管道运输是该技术得以实施的关键环节。当CO2处于超临界或密相状态时，其具有液体的密度、气体的粘性和压缩性，对于管道运输是最有效率的。由于管输CO2的特殊性质，CO2输送管道与碳氢化合物输送管道存在不同；由于海洋环境的复杂性，CO2海上输送管道与陆地输送管道存在不同。系统总结了实现CO2管道输送需要解决的关键技术问题，着重介绍了CO2输送管道流动保障和延性断裂扩展领域的研究进展，指出CCS作为大规模减少温室气体排放的重要选项，开展与之相关的基础研究十分迫切。（图3，参44）     

Phosphorus and aluminium solubility relationships in acidic lowbush blueberry barren soils in Maine

Lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) is a native plant that is not cultivated, but managed in areas of sufficient plant density to provide commercial yields. A cropping systems study was initiated to compare how organic and three levels of conventional (low, medium and high input) management practices affected soil properties at 12 grower fields in the lowbush blueberry barrens of Maine. The fields under organic and low‐conventional treatments did not receive any fertilizer inputs. The high and medium conventional treatment fields received optimal and reduced diammonium phosphate inputs, respectively. Three measurements of soil P (modified‐Morgan soil test, oxalate extractable and total P) showed no significant effect of management treatment on the phosphorus status of the soils. This suggests that soil P may be leaching below the 0–10 cm rooting zone which was investigated in this study. Equilibrium chemical speciation of soil/water extracts showed that gibbsite was controlling the solubility of Al in these barren soils and that P was undersaturated with respect to amorphous Al(OH)₂PO₄. A laboratory one‐point P sorption study showed that dissolved organic matter derived from the organic pad sampled from the study sites did not inhibit the adsorption of the added P. This suggests that addition of carbon‐rich soil amendments such as compost may not increase P bioavailability of these acidic soils with high Al (oxy)hydroxide (gibbsite) mineral content.     

我国橡胶林碳汇贸易潜力的实证分析

依据气候减缓项目选择可贸易的碳库，利用森林蓄积量扩展法，计算了2008年和2011年橡胶林碳汇量，进而以2011年为基期，测算了2015年我国橡胶林的碳汇贸易潜力。计算结果表明，到2015年，我国橡胶林碳汇贸易潜力为248.61万t，占现有碳储量的10.62%，碳汇量年均增长速度呈下降趋势，显示出我国橡胶林碳汇贸易潜力的后劲不足。最后提出了依靠内涵式增长途径来提升碳汇潜力的几点建议。     

Soil Organic Carbon,Biochar, and Applicable Research Results for Increasing Farm Productivity under Australian Agricultural Conditions

The conversion of vegetative biomass waste to biochar (biologically derived charcoal) is a source of carbon (C) that can be used to increase the level of soil organic C (SOC) in agricultural soils. This review collates available research into the effects of biologically derived C species with respect to the direct and indirect effects on agricultural productivity and their potential for use in Western Australian agricultural systems. There is a growing requirement to quantify the effect of specific biochar applications for agroecological purposes and to verify biosequestered C for climate-change-mitigation activities. This work provides a review and assessment of safe biochar application rates and examines the present levels of scientific uncertainty surrounding the efficacy and reliability of applying biochar to soils in relation to crop productivity.     

Effects of Organic Calcium Made by Bamboo Vinegar on Growth of Cymbidium ensifolium and Soil Property

The bamboo vinegar was used to produce organic calcium,and different concentrations of NaCl,CaCb and organic calcium solutions as deicer were sprayed evenly on the potted Cymbidium ensifoiium and collected soil, and the growth of C.ensifoiium was observed everyday,and the physical and chemical properties of soil were analyzed.The results indicate that all the 3 types of salt solutions had certain influence on C.ensifolium,while the organic calcium had less effect on C.ensifolium than NaCl and CaCl₂,and both of NaCl and CaCl₂ had little effect on the pH of soil while organic calcium increased greatly the pH of soil,and the organic matter and cationic exchange capacity of soil reduced,and the content of total N, P in soil also reduced while the apparent content of total K in soil increased.By above comparison,the effect of organic calcium made by bamboo vinegar on C.ensifolium and soil was less than that of NaCl and CaCl₂,in addition smaller the concentration of salt solution was,less the effect of salt solution on C.ensifoliumand soil was.     

Above and Below Ground Measurements of Greenhouse Gases from Swine Effluent Amended Soil

Abstract

As a means of economic disposal and to reduce need for chemical fertilizer, waste generated from swine production is often applied to agricultural land. However, there remain many environmental concerns about this practice. Two such concerns, contribution to the greenhouse effect and stratospheric ozone depletion by gases emitted from waste‐amended soils, have not been thoroughly investigated. An intact core study at Auburn University (32 36′N, 85 36′W) was conducted to determine the source‐sink relationship of three greenhouse gases in three Alabama soils (Black Belt, Coastal Plain, and Appalachian Plateau regions) amended with swine waste effluent. Soil cores were arranged in a completely random design, and treatments used for each soil type consisted of a control, a swine effluent amendment (112 kg N ha^?1), and an ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) fertilizer amendment (112 kg N ha^?1). During a 2‐year period, a closed‐chamber technique was used to determine rates of emission of nitrous oxide (N₂O)–nitrogen (N), carbon dioxide (CO₂)–carbon (C), and methane (CH₄)–C from the soil surface. Gas probes inserted into the soil cores were used to determine concentrations of N₂O‐N and CO₂‐C from depths of 5, 15, and 25 cm. Soil water was collected from each depth using microlysimeters at the time of gas collection to determine soil‐solution N status. Application of swine effluent had an immediate effect on emissions of N₂O‐N, CO₂‐C, and CH₄‐C from all soil textures. However, greatest cumulative emissions and highest peak rates of emission of all three trace gases, directly following effluent applications, were most commonly observed from sandier textured Coastal Plain and Appalachian Plateau soils, as compared to heavier textured Black Belt soil. When considering greenhouse gas emission potential, soil type should be a determining factor for selection of swine effluent waste disposal sites in Alabama.     

有机黄瓜生产中霜霉病的防控技术

根据防治黄瓜霜霉病的实践经验,系统总结有机黄瓜霜霉病综合防控技术,解决有机黄瓜生产中遇到的首要问题,助推有机农业的健康发展。     

柿子发酵酒酯的生成规律初探

分析了不同柿子发酵酒样品中的主要有机酸和主要酯香成分，结果表明，柿子发酵酒中主要有机酸有酒石酸和乳酸，主要挥发酯是乳酸乙酯和乙酸乙酯。自然老熟的柿酒中乳酸乙酯含量高于乙酸乙酯，采用冷热处理方法老熟的柿酒中乙酸乙酯的含量高于乳酸乙酯。     

Effect of temperature,organic amendment rate and moisture content on the degradation of 1,3‐dichloropropene in soil

1,3‐Dichloropropene (1,3‐D), which consists of two isomers, (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D, is considered to be a viable alternative to methyl bromide, but atmospheric emission of 1,3‐D is often associated with deterioration of air quality. To minimize environmental impacts of 1,3‐D, emission control strategies are in need of investigation. One approach to reduce 1,3‐D emissions is to accelerate its degradation by incorporating organic amendments into the soil surface. In this study, we investigated the ability of four organic amendments to enhance the rate of degradation of (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D in a sandy loam soil. Degradation of (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D was well described by first‐order kinetics, and rates of degradation for the two isomers were similar. Composted steer manure (SM) was the most reactive of the organic amendments tested. The half‐life of both the (Z)‐ and (E)‐isomers in unamended soil at 20 °C was 6.3 days; those in 5% SM‐amended soil were 1.8 and 1.9 days, respectively. At 40 °C, the half‐life of both isomers in 5% SM‐amended soil was 0.5 day. Activation energy values for amended soil at 2, 5 and 10% SM were 56.5, 53.4 and 64.5 kJ mol^?1, respectively. At 20 °C, the contribution of degradation from biological mechanisms was largest in soil amended with SM, but chemical mechanisms still accounted for more than 58% of the (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D degradation. The effect of temperature and amendment rate upon degradation should be considered when describing the fate and transport of 1,3‐D isomers in soil. Use of organic soil amendments appears to be a promising method to enhance fumigant degradation and reduce volatile emissions. Published in 2001 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd