中国森林碳汇的区域差异及动态演进分析

基于1988—2013年全国森林资源清查数据,采用改进的森林蓄积量法估算了中国大陆31个省(市、区)的森林碳汇量,并以单位面积森林碳汇量为指标,借助Dagum基尼系数和Markov链方法系统分析了中国森林碳汇的区域差异及其动态演进趋势。结果表明:1)中国森林碳汇在省域间存在较大差距,由南方林区向西南、东北林区递增变化;2)Dagum基尼系数及其分解结果显示,中国森林碳汇的地区差异呈波动下降趋势。从四大林区来看,南方、北方和东北地区内差距与全国一致,基本呈下降趋势。而西南地区内差距呈现先上升后下降趋势。地区间差距是造成中国森林碳汇区域差异的首要原因,并且地区间净差距和超变密度差距对全国总体差异的贡献率呈此消彼长的"∞"型变化。3)Markov链分析发现,不同水平的森林碳汇地区间跨区流动的可能性较低。但从动态演进来看,中国森林碳汇呈上升态势,预期较低水平的省份将逐步减少,整体会向着高水平趋势发展。     

原子荧光法测定总砷含量不确定度评定

以圆白菜标准物质为材料,评估原子荧光法测定总砷含量的不确定度。根据不确定度分量大小可以得出,砷测定值的不确定度主要来源于测定过程中校准曲线的不确定度。该方法测定总砷含量的扩展不确定度为0.0098 mg/kg,检测结果为(0.066±0.010) mg/kg,在标准物质含量(0.062±0.014) mg/kg的范围内,表明方法的分析过程处于质控状态,结果可靠。     

饲用玉米根际促生菌资源筛选及其特性研究

为获得玉米根际促生菌(PGPR)菌株并明确其功能特性;以玉米根系及根际土壤为材料,利用选择性培养基分离筛选溶磷菌与固氮菌,测定所选菌株溶磷能力和固氮酶活性,并测定其产IAA的能力,从中筛选综合性能优良的菌株,在此基础上,运用生理生化鉴定和16SrDNA分子生物学鉴定相结合的方法鉴定优良菌株的种属。结果表明:玉米根际有大量PGPR菌,分布特征表现出根表(RP)根表土(RS)远根土(NRS)根内(HP)的数量分布规律,呈根际效应。最终获得262株PGPR菌,其中固氮菌48株,溶解无机磷细菌108株,溶解有机磷细菌106株,有分泌IAA能力的菌株15株。筛选出综合性能优良、有进一步开发应用潜力的菌株7株。经鉴定其中3株为Pseudomonas fluorescens;2株为Bacillus subtilis;Klebsiella oxytoca和Bacillus megaterium各1株。     

不同氮肥处理春玉米温室气体的排放

春玉米种植过程中会造成直接和间接的温室气体排放。该文采用生命周期的方法综合评估了不同施肥处理下的温室气体排放,目的是筛选出既能保证产量和经济效益,又能有效减排的措施。4种不同的施肥处理包括：当地传统施肥方式、尿素处理、硫包衣尿素、尿素添加双氰胺处理。采用静态箱-气相色谱法连续监测土壤 N2O排放,并计算了不同肥料处理的N2O排放总量;计算了肥料生产、运输、农田耕作管理能源消耗、种子生产等的温室气体排放,计算了春玉米全生命周期中温室气体排放总量、单位产量、万元产出的温室气体排放量。结果表明,不同处理施肥造成的N2O排放量、全生命周期中温室气体排放总量、单位产量排放强度和净收益排放强度的排序均为传统施肥处理＞尿素处理＞尿素添加双氰胺处理＞硫包衣尿素处理。传统施肥处理的N2O排放总量极显著高于其他3个处理（P＜0.01）;硫包衣尿素处理的N2O排放总量显著低于尿素处理（P＜0.05）,与尿素添加双氰胺处理无显著差异（P＞0.05）。不同处理的全生命周期排放总量、单位玉米产量排放量和万元净产值排放量变化范围分别是2.56～4.11 t/(hm2·a)、216.6～364.1 kg/t和1.15～2.19 t/万元。和传统施肥处理相比,硫包衣尿素处理可分别降低温室气体（greenhouse Gas,GHG）排放总量、单位玉米产量排放和万元净产值碳排放37.8%、40.5%和47.3%,尿素添加双氰胺处理可降低36.5%、38.6%和45.9%。化肥尤其是氮肥的生产在春玉米种植过程中对碳足迹的贡献最大,占42.4%～55.0%;玉米生产过程中的N2O排放次之,占20.8%～26.1%。在保证粮食产量和经济效益的前提下,硫包衣尿素处理和尿素添加双氰胺处理2种施肥方式具有较低的碳排放强度,可作为当地较为合理的施肥方式进行推广。     

连续施用有机肥对连作花生根际微生物种群和 酶活性的影响

花生连作导致土传病害易发,严重制约其产量和品质。为探讨持续施用有机肥缓解连作花生病害发生的防治机理,大田条件下研究了连续6年施用化肥、普通有机肥和生物有机肥(接种内生菌拟茎点霉B3)后对连作花生根腐病、根际土壤典型微生物种群和酶活的影响。结果表明:与单施化肥相比,持续施用普通有机肥和生物有机肥可有效控制连作花生土传病害发生,荚果产量提高23.8%和47.9%。连续施用普通有机肥和生物有机肥均显著提高根际过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和酚氧化酶活性,荧光定量PCR进一步测定出连续施用有机肥可显著增加连作花生根际细菌和真菌的数量,说明连续施用有机肥后连作花生根际微生物活性显著提升。连续施用普通有机肥和生物有机肥显著增加了连作花生根际有益微生物种群的数量,其中放线菌增加0.9倍和1.6倍,假单胞菌增加10.9倍和13.1倍,伯克氏菌增加2.6倍和1.9倍,芽孢杆菌增加1.1倍和2.1倍;然而连续施用有机肥对连作花生根际主要致病微生物种群(如镰刀菌属和青枯雷尔氏菌)无明显影响。表明通过持续施用有机肥可有效提高连作花生根际有益微生物种群的数量和土壤酶活性,进而改善连作花生根际微生态环境,增强连作土壤抑病能力,以达到控制连作花生土传病害易发的目的。     

地膜覆盖对土壤中N2O释放的影响

研究地膜覆盖下土壤中N₂O释放可为进一步探明膜下土壤中N₂O的传输、消耗和排放到大气的动力学过程提供理论依据。在2001年3月至6月和2001年10月至2002年6月连续两个冬小麦生长季，采用静态漏斗法和揭膜—封闭箱法测定了地膜覆盖下耕层5、10、20 cm土层处和地表处N₂O的释放特征及相应土壤性质。结果表明：地膜覆盖下，地表和耕层10、20 cm土层处N₂O释放通量显著增加；0～5 cm土层土壤水分和10～20 cm土层土壤硝态氮的浓度的变化分别解释了休闲地和冬小麦地土壤中N₂O释放通量85.23%和92.11%的变异，它们是膜下休闲地和冬小麦地土壤中N₂O释放通量增加的主要原因。该结论对地膜覆盖下科学地控制农田水分、养分以及地膜覆盖在中国西北地区的科学使用和推行具有实际意义。     

土壤有机质回归模型建立、分析与调控的研究

采用二次正交旋转设计，利用数学模型方法，定量地分析了农肥、化肥和秸秆还田对土壤有机质含量的影响及其相互间的作用；农肥、化肥和秸秆的贡献率分别为１．６３，０和１．４１．在９５％的置信区间，维持土壤有机质在４％～５．５％的定量调控措施为：农肥、化肥和秸秆的年施入量分别是１０．６～１３．７ｔ／ｈｍ２、０．４５～０．５７ｔ／ｈｍ２和１．０５～１．３６ｔ／ｈｍ２．     

Impact of low-molecular-weight organic acids on the availability of phenanthrene and pyrene in soil

The impact of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) on the availability of phenanthrene and pyrene was investigated using laboratory batch assays. Experiments were conducted with two types of soil with different organic contents. The LMWOAs used were citric and oxalic acid. A mild solvent extraction procedure and a sorption-desorption experiment were used to predict the availability of phenanthrene and pyrene. Results showed that the extractable amounts of phenanthrene and pyrene in both soil types increased with increased citric or oxalic acid concentration. Citric acid addition promoted phenanthrene and pyrene extraction to a greater degree than oxalic acid. Compared with freshly spiked soils, the extractable amounts of phenanthrene and pyrene with the addition of LMWOAs decreased significantly after 60 days of cultivation. Soils with higher values of soil organic carbon content (f_oc) showed decreased phenanthrene and pyrene availability after the addition of LMWOAs. The sorption and desorption results also demonstrated the enhanced availability of PAHs with LMWOA addition. Phenanthrene sorption could be described using a linear model, regardless of the addition of LMWOAs. The simulated distribution constants (K_d) for phenanthrene sorption decreased significantly with the addition of LMWOAs. In contrast, phenanthrene desorption clearly increased with the addition of LMWOAs. These results suggest that the availabilities of phenanthrene and pyrene can be increased with the addition of suitable LMWOAs.     

Response of labile organic C and N pools to plastic film removal from semiarid farmland soil

To examine the effects of plastic film removal on grain yield and soil organic matter (SOM), a spring maize (Zea may L.) field experiment was conducted for 5 yr at Changwu Agricultural and Ecological Experimental Station of Northwest China. Compared with traditional plastic film mulching during entire growing stages (FM), plastic film removal at the silking stage (RM) resulted in a 6.3% higher average maize yield. Under the RM treatment, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen significantly increased after the 5‐yr cultivation in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer. Significant increases in extractable organic C (EOC), KMnO₄‐oxidizable C (KMnO₄‐C) and C management index (CMI) in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer, and light fraction organic C and EOC in the 20‐ to 40‐cm layer were observed in response to plastic film removal after the 1‐yr treatment; the responses were more significant after 5 yr. Under the RM treatment, significant increases in microbial biomass C, light fraction organic N, extractable organic N, KMnO₄‐C and CMI were also observed after five years in the 20‐ to 40‐cm layer. Moreover, KMnO₄‐C and EOC were much more sensitive than other labile SOM fractions to the application of RM, even after only 1 yr of cultivation. Therefore, compared with mulching for the whole growing season, plastic film removal at the maize silking stage is an effective option for increasing yields and enhancing SOM concentration and soil sustainability in the regions with semiarid monsoon climates that have sufficient rainfall during maize reproductive stages.     

叶面喷施微生物合成纳米硒对水稻硒镉吸收的影响

为探讨喷施微生物合成纳米Se(B)对水稻Se、Cd吸收的影响与籽粒富Se降Cd的效果,本研究通过盆栽试验,研究微生物合成SeNPs喷施5(B5)、10(B10)、20(B20) mg·L^-1对水稻Se、Cd吸收、转运效应,以及与无机Se(S)、有机Se(M)喷施对比,比较水稻籽粒富Se降Cd效果。结果表明,与不喷Se(CK)、S、M处理相比,B5、B10、B20处理提高籽粒Se含量分别为227.52%~366.46%、3.38%~23.31%、30.54%~42.57%,降低籽粒Cd含量分别为10.14%~55.07%、4.08%~36.37%、9.03%~40.77%,籽粒富Se降Cd效果表现为B>S>M>CK,B处理中,籽粒富Se降Cd效果以喷施20 mg·L^-1浓度最佳,高Se与低Se水稻品种间对Se、Cd吸收差异不显著。与CK处理相比,B处理促进了水稻叶片中Cd在细胞壁、液泡组分中的积累,减少了叶绿体、线粒体组分中的积累,促进了叶片中Se在细胞壁、叶绿体组分中的积累,减少了线粒体、液泡组分中的积累。主成分分析和Pearson相关矩阵表明,水稻各部位Se与Cd含量呈负相关关系(P ≤ 0.01)。与CK、M处理相比,B处理对水稻Se生物富集系数分别提高20.63%~264.70%、20.37%~32.86%,表现为S>B>M>CK,B5、B10、B20处理对水稻Cd富集系数分别降低9.10%~25.10%、5.70%~9.65%、10.64%~22.10%,表现为CK>M>S>B。供试水稻Se转移系数表现为根-茎<茎-籽粒<茎-叶,Cd转移系数表现为根-茎<茎-叶<茎-籽粒,与CK、S、M处理相比,B处理均促进了Se向籽粒的转移,减少了Cd向籽粒的富集。与CK、S、M处理相比,B处理均显著提高了水稻叶片SOD、CAT、POD、APX、PAL、Pro、GSH含量,降低了MDA、H₂O₂的含量,高Se水稻品种(泰丰优208)对提高水稻抗氧化酶活性与抗氧化性物质含量效果高于低Se水稻品种(桂野丰)。因此,叶面喷施微生物合成SeNPs在调控水稻Se、Cd吸收、转运与籽粒富Se降Cd方面有着更显著的优势。