Transitioning from standard to minimum tillage: Trade-offs between soil organic matter stabilization, nitrous oxide emissions, and N availability in irrigated cropping systems

Few studies address nutrient cycling during the transition period (e.g., 1–4 years following conversion) from standard to some form of conservation tillage. This study compares the influence of minimum versus standard tillage on changes in soil nitrogen (N) stabilization, nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, short-term N cycling, and crop N use efficiency 1 year after tillage conversion in conventional (i.e., synthetic fertilizer-N only), low-input (i.e., alternating annual synthetic fertilizer- and cover crop-N), and organic (i.e., manure- and cover crop-N) irrigated, maize–tomato systems in California. To understand the mechanisms governing N cycling in these systems, we traced ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer/cover crop into the maize grain, whole soil, and three soil fractions: macroaggregates (>250 μm), microaggregates (53–250 μm) and silt-and-clay (<53 μm). We found a cropping system effect on soil N_new (i.e., N derived from ¹⁵N-fertilizer or -¹⁵N-cover crop), with 173 kg N_new ha⁻¹ in the conventional system compared to 71.6 and 69.2 kg N_new ha⁻¹ in the low-input and organic systems, respectively. In the conventional system, more N_new was found in the microaggregate and silt-and-clay fractions, whereas, the N_new of the organic and low-input systems resided mainly in the macroaggregates. Even though no effect of tillage was found on soil aggregation, the minimum tillage systems showed greater soil fraction-N_new than the standard tillage systems, suggesting greater potential for N stabilization under minimum tillage. Grain-N_new was also higher in the minimum versus standard tillage systems. Nevertheless, minimum tillage led to the greatest N₂O emissions (39.5 g N₂O–N ha⁻¹ day⁻¹) from the conventional cropping system, where N turnover was already the fastest among the cropping systems. In contrast, minimum tillage combined with the low-input system (which received the least N ha⁻¹) produced intermediate N₂O emissions, soil N stabilization, and crop N use efficiency. Although total soil N did not change after 1 year of conversion from standard to minimum tillage, our use of stable isotopes permitted the early detection of interactive effects between tillage regimes and cropping systems that determine the trade-offs among N stabilization, N₂O emissions, and N availability.     

Earthworm populations and growth rates related to long-term crop residue and tillage management

Conventional tillage creates soil physical conditions that may restrict earthworm movement and accelerate crop residue decomposition, thus reducing the food supply for earthworms. These negative impacts may be alleviated by retaining crop residues in agroecosystems. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various tillage and crop residue management practices on earthworm populations in the field and earthworm growth under controlled conditions. Population assessments were conducted at two long-term (15+ years) experimental sites in Québec, Canada with three tillage systems: moldboard plow/disk harrow (CT), chisel plow or disk harrow (RT) and no tillage (NT), as well as two levels of crop residue inputs (high and low). Earthworm growth was assessed in intact soil cores from both sites. In the field, earthworm populations and biomass were greater with long-term NT than CT and RT practices, but not affected by crop residue management. Laboratory growth rates of Aporrectodea turgida (Eisen) in intact soil cores were affected by tillage and residue inputs, and were positively correlated with the soil organic C pool, suggesting that tillage and residue management practices that increase the soil organic C pool provide more organic substrates for earthworm growth. The highest earthworm growth rates were in soils from RT plots with high residue input, which differed from the response of earthworm populations to tillage and residue management treatments in the field. Our results suggest that tillage-induced disturbance probably has a greater impact than food availability on earthworm populations in cool, humid agroecosystems.     

小麦-鹅观草易位系T7A/1Rk#1的选育与鉴定

将小麦-鹅观草del1Rk#1L二体添加系的花粉用10 Gy 60Co γ射线照射处理,给小麦中国春授粉,获得杂种。综合利用C-分带、GISH、顺次C带/45SrDNA-FISH和顺次GISH/45SrDNA-FISH等分子细胞遗传学技术在M2代筛选和鉴定出1个涉及小麦7A和鹅观草1Rk#1染色体的相互易位染色体系,并获得1Rk#1染色体的1个45SrDNA位标,该位标和其对应的红色GISH-带纹能够特异地识别1Rk#1染色体短臂。对M2代群体染色体组成分析和测交分析表明,两条易位染色体在后代中以共分离方式成对出现,且易位通过雌配子的传递率高于雄配子。综合2004、2005和2006 3年的赤霉病抗性鉴定结果表明：该易位系对赤霉病表现部分抗病,但抗性表现在不同年份、不同地点有差异。试验还证明花粉辐射是诱导小麦-外缘物种染色体易位的有效方法。     

耕作措施对温带半干旱地区土壤温室气体(CO2、CH4、N2O)通量的影响

通过设置在甘肃省定西市李家堡镇的不同耕作措施试验, 利用CO₂分析仪、静态箱-气相色谱法对双序列轮作次序下春小麦地、豌豆地生育期内CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量进行了测定。试验结果表明: 4种耕作措施下春小麦地和豌豆地在生育期内均表现为CO₂源、N₂O源和CH₄汇的功能。传统耕作不覆盖、免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖和传统耕作结合秸秆还田下, 春小麦生育期内平均土壤CO₂通量(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)分别为0.203 6、0.221 2、0.241 8、0.224 9, CH₄通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为-0.041 6、-0.078 0、-0.081 8、-0.053 7, N₂O通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为0.089 1、0.069 2、0.046 1、0.065 6; 豌豆生育期内平均土壤CO₂通量(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)分别为0.273 6、0.261 6、0.218 1、0.236 0, CH₄通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为-0.055 0、-0.073 7、-0.066 2、-0.054 5, N₂O通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为0.123 4、0.084 7、0.080 6、0.035 0。少免耕及小麦秸秆覆盖有利于减少土壤CO₂排放通量, 免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖及传统耕作结合秸秆还田均能不同程度地增加CH₄吸收通量、减少N₂O排放通量。综合来看, 免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖和传统耕作结合秸秆还田3种保护性耕作措施有助于减少土壤温室气体的排放量。春小麦地CO₂通量随着土壤温度、土壤含水量的逐渐升高而增大; CH₄吸收通量随着土壤含水量的逐渐升高而增大, 而随着土壤温度的逐渐升高而减小。豌豆地CO₂通量的变化与土壤含水量存在极显著正相关关系; 而春小麦地N₂O通量则与平均土壤温度呈显著正相关, 豌豆地则为极显著正相关。     

Land-use history has a stronger impact on soil microbial community composition than aboveground vegetation and soil properties

The response of soil microbial communities following changes in land-use is governed by multiple factors. The objectives of this study were to investigate (i) whether soil microbial communities track the changes in aboveground vegetation during succession; and (ii) whether microbial communities return to their native state over time. Two successional gradients with different vegetation were studied at the W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan. The first gradient comprised a conventionally tilled cropland (CT), mid-succession forest (SF) abandoned from cultivation prior to 1951, and native deciduous forest (DF). The second gradient comprised the CT cropland, early-succession grassland (ES) restored in 1989, and long-term mowed grassland (MG). With succession, the total microbial PLFAs and soil microbial biomass C consistently increased in both gradients. While bacterial rRNA gene diversity remained unchanged, the abundance and composition of many bacterial phyla changed significantly. Moreover, microbial communities in the relatively pristine DF and MG soils were very similar despite major differences in soil properties and vegetation. After >50 years of succession, and despite different vegetation, microbial communities in SF were more similar to those in mature DF than in CT. In contrast, even after 17 years of succession, microbial communities in ES were more similar to CT than endpoint MG despite very different vegetation between CT and ES. This result suggested a lasting impact of cultivation history on the soil microbial community. With conversion of deciduous to conifer forest (CF), there was a significant change in multiple soil properties that correlated with changes in microbial biomass, rRNA gene diversity and community composition. In conclusion, history of land-use was a stronger determinant of the composition of microbial communities than vegetation and soil properties. Further, microbial communities in disturbed soils apparently return to their native state with time.     

几类异质1B/1R小麦雄性不育系育性稳定性与育性恢复性的研究

 系统考察了偏、粘、易和二角4种异质1B/1R小麦雄性不育类型的育性稳定性和育性恢复性，测定了它们杂种F#-1中雌雄可育（1B）与不育（1BL/1RS）配子的传递率。结果表明：（1）其不育性可分为完全不育；转育过程中从低到高世代育性一直分离；低世代不育，高世代育性分离至全育3种类型。欲使不育性既稳定又易恢复，应注意选择仅含主效不育基因（或不带有任何修饰基因的1RS片段）的不育核型是一关键。（2）4种异质全不育系和它们的恢复系，各自核内的育性基因系列组成在不同品种（系）中分布不同，这与其恢复性直接相关。全不育系核内是以单对主效不育基因[（或是1RS片段）A#-1]和单对主效不育基因+抑制基因（A#-2）两种形式存在。恢复系核内则有4种形式：即主效恢复基因+微效可育基因（C#-1）；主效恢复基因（C#-2）；主效恢复基因+抑制基因（C#-3）；仅含微效可育基因（C#-4）。它们彼此结合后可构成8种育性表现，其中，仅3种育性基因组合方式（A#-1×C#-1 、A#-1×C#-2和A#-2×C#-1）恢复度最高，而且较稳定。而其余5种组配形式都易受环境条件的影响，有着较大的恢复度变异。（3）杂种F#-1中的1BL/1RS不育配子雌雄传递率明显不同，在雄配子中极低，甚至部分组合为零。从而使F#-1恢复度很大程度上由1B配子的数量和授粉时对1BL/1RS配子的补偿能力来决定。     

夏玉米残茬覆盖与耕作方式的研究

对小麦机械收获后残茬覆盖与不覆盖两种条件下免耕、翻耕和间隔深松三种土壤耕作方式夏玉米的营养生长及籽粒产量进行了研究。结果表明,残茬覆盖和深松耕作玉米播种后出苗率高,次生根条数多,株高增加而基部节间缩短,叶面积系数提高,最终产量显著高于其他处理。     

春小麦产量和蛋白质关系研究──干物质积累分配与氮素同化运转

利用产量不同、蛋白质含量不同和加工品质各异的３个春小麦品种，研究了灌浆过程中干物质积累分配和氮素同化运转与产量和蛋白质含量的关系．结果表明，干物质的积累量，品种间存在明显差异，高产低蛋白品种和干物质产量高于低产高蛋白类型，高产高蛋白类型积累量最高；营养体的氮素积累变化动态．因向籽粒中转运量的不同而异．各营养体对籽粒氮的贡献顺序为茎（含叶鞘）＞叶片＞穗轴和颖片；品种间开花前后的氮素同化量不同，高蛋白品种倾向于花前同化量多，高产品种花后同化量比例相对增加，高产高蛋白类型两者兼之，品种间花后氮素同化量占总同化量的变幅为１５．３５％～４８．３５％；生育期干物质产量高是高产高蛋白品种的重要物质基础，氮素总同化量与蛋白质含量关系不大，氮素转运效率与蛋白质含量密切相关．ＮＨＩ：ＧＨＩ比例决定着蛋白质含量．     

不同光环境对葡萄幼苗光合产物分配与转化的影响

 以一年生京玉葡萄幼苗 (VitisvineferaL .cv .Jingyu)为试材 ,利用光合测定仪和同位素示踪技术 ,比较研究了自然光环境和遮阳环境下生长的葡萄幼苗净光合速率日变化、生物量分配、光合产物分配与转化等方面的差异。与对照相比 ,遮阳环境中生长的葡萄幼苗净光合速率日变化曲线偏低 ;叶片和茎的生物量比较高 ,根和新稍的生物量比较低 ;其光合产物分配较多流向叶片和茎 ,而向根的分配随遮阳程度的加深明显降低 ;分配到各部位的光合产物的转化利用情况也发生了不同的变化。     

耕作方式和施氮量对稻茬小麦产量构成和群体质量的影响

以苏麦188为材料,在水稻秸秆全量还田条件下研究板茬、旋耕、耕翻等耕作方式和施氮量210kg/hm2、240 kg/hm2、270 kg/hm2对小麦群体质量和产量及其结构的影响,为稻茬小麦大面积机械化栽培提供参考。结果表明：板茬方式产量显著高于旋耕和耕翻;随施氮量增加,产量逐渐提高。产量在不同耕作方式与施氮量间存在显著的互作效应。相比其他耕作方式,板茬方式每穗粒数和千粒重较高;群体茎蘖数多,但分蘖成穗率不高、源库协调水平偏低,花后具有较高的光合生产能力。随施氮量增加,穗数和每穗粒数、群体茎蘖数和分蘖成穗率、花后光合生产能力以及源库协调性均呈提高趋势。说明,通过合理增施氮肥可以进一步改善板茬方式下小麦群体质量,协同提升产量构成因素,实现增产。本试验条件下采用板茬方式配以施氮量270 kg/hm2或240 kg/hm2处理产量最高。