带分流叶片离心泵研究现状与发展

分析了低比转速离心泵水力性能方面存在的问题，阐述了低比转速离心泵水力设计主要方法，如加大流量设计法、无过载设计法、面积比设计法、偏置短叶片设计法，并就其相互关系进行了比较，着重分析介绍了国内外带分流叶片低比转速离心泵的研究成果和研究现状，最后对带分流叶片离心泵研究趋势做出了展望。     

立轴柱形变螺距螺旋开沟机临界转速分析

通过对螺旋开沟机所输土块的运动及受力情况进行分析可知：当土块与坑壁之间的摩擦力能阻止土块随叶片旋转时，土块在螺旋叶片上所受作用力相互平衡。由此，推导山立轴柱形变螺距螺旋开沟机的临界转速。此即为保证土壤在螺旋而上上升的基本条件，而实际转速则大于临界转速。该分析为进一步设计立轴柱形变螺距螺旋开沟机提供了依据。     

单片机控制电子喷油泵试验台的研究

现有的6PSD30—1型电子控制喷油泵试验台,其电气控制部分电路采用大量分立电子元件,且元件大多老化、损坏,处于闲置状态。现对其进行技术改造,以8031单片机为核心,对喷油泵试验台的喷油计数和主轴转速进行控制。改造后的试验台,省去由大量分立元件组成的单元环节,减少焊接点,大大提高了工作可靠性、检测精度和效率,使用、维护和修理方便。     

电子差速履带车辆转向转矩神经网络PID控制

根据电子差速履带车辆转向动力学和运动学分析,提出一种电子差速履带车辆转向转矩模拟神经网络PID(ANNPID)控制策略,由双电动机转向转矩协调控制、ANNPID控制和感应电动机转矩控制组成.通过建立双感应电动机独立驱动履带车辆电子差速转向控制系统,实现基于ANNPID控制的转向转矩协调分配和基于模型参考自适应控制(MRAC)的感应电动机间接磁场定向(IFOC)转矩控制.采用该策略,在不同转向半径的行驶转向工况、0.5B半径转向工况和中心转向工况下的实车试验结果表明,低速转向具有较好的操控性能.     

泵站单机组变速运行优化方法研

考虑峰谷电价与站下水位变幅等因素,提出了以日开机运行总耗电费用最少为目标函数,各时段水泵转速为决策变量,规定时段内抽水总量为约束条件的单机组变速优化运行动态规划模型.对江都四站单机组变速优化运行与恒速运行进行了比较分析,结果表明:满负荷工作时,无论是否考虑峰谷电价,变速带来的效益不足以抵消安装变频装置产生的耗损;考虑峰谷电价、非满负荷工作时,效益明显;不考虑峰谷电价情况下,80%和60%负荷工作时,变速节省的电费偿还相应配套功率的变频装置投资约需15～18年和7～10年.     

水稻谷粒冲击损伤临界速度分

以接触力学为基础,建立了脱粒元件与稻谷对心碰撞时压缩位移和最大压力分布模型.针对不同含水率时稻谷塑性、脆性力学性质的差异.得出了稻谷与脱粒元件冲击损伤临界速度计算公式.对钉齿与镇稻10号、武香梗14、淮稻9号、镇糯653和协优084稻谷冲击损伤临界速度进行了实例计算,在试验台架上进行了实测,试验均值与理论计算基本一致.     

Application of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to predict the impact of alternative management practices on water quality and quantity

Alternative land management practices such as conservation or no-tillage, contour farming, terraces, and buffer strips are increasingly used to reduce nonpoint source and water pollution resulting from agricultural activities. Models are useful tools to investigate effects of such management practice alternatives on the watershed level. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the sensitivity of such models to parameters used to represent these conservation practices. Knowledge about the sensitivity to these parameters would help models better simulate the effects of land management. Hence, this paper presents in the first step a sensitivity analysis for conservation management parameters (specifically tillage depth, mechanical soil mixing efficiency, biological soil mixing efficiency, curve number, Manning's roughness coefficient for overland flow, USLE support practice factor, and filter strip width) in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). With this analysis we aimed to improve model parameterisation and calibration efficiency. In contrast to less sensitive parameters such as tillage depth and mixing efficiency we parameterised sensitive parameters such as curve number values in detail.In the second step the analysis consisted of varying management practices (conventional tillage, conservation tillage, and no-tillage) for different crops (spring barley, winter barley, and sugar beet) and varying operation dates. Results showed that the model is very sensitive to applied crop rotations and in some cases even to small variations of management practices. But the different settings do not have the same sensitivity. Duration of vegetation period and soil cover over time was most sensitive followed by soil cover characteristics of applied crops.     

Transitioning from standard to minimum tillage: Trade-offs between soil organic matter stabilization, nitrous oxide emissions, and N availability in irrigated cropping systems

Few studies address nutrient cycling during the transition period (e.g., 1–4 years following conversion) from standard to some form of conservation tillage. This study compares the influence of minimum versus standard tillage on changes in soil nitrogen (N) stabilization, nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, short-term N cycling, and crop N use efficiency 1 year after tillage conversion in conventional (i.e., synthetic fertilizer-N only), low-input (i.e., alternating annual synthetic fertilizer- and cover crop-N), and organic (i.e., manure- and cover crop-N) irrigated, maize–tomato systems in California. To understand the mechanisms governing N cycling in these systems, we traced ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer/cover crop into the maize grain, whole soil, and three soil fractions: macroaggregates (>250 μm), microaggregates (53–250 μm) and silt-and-clay (<53 μm). We found a cropping system effect on soil N_new (i.e., N derived from ¹⁵N-fertilizer or -¹⁵N-cover crop), with 173 kg N_new ha⁻¹ in the conventional system compared to 71.6 and 69.2 kg N_new ha⁻¹ in the low-input and organic systems, respectively. In the conventional system, more N_new was found in the microaggregate and silt-and-clay fractions, whereas, the N_new of the organic and low-input systems resided mainly in the macroaggregates. Even though no effect of tillage was found on soil aggregation, the minimum tillage systems showed greater soil fraction-N_new than the standard tillage systems, suggesting greater potential for N stabilization under minimum tillage. Grain-N_new was also higher in the minimum versus standard tillage systems. Nevertheless, minimum tillage led to the greatest N₂O emissions (39.5 g N₂O–N ha⁻¹ day⁻¹) from the conventional cropping system, where N turnover was already the fastest among the cropping systems. In contrast, minimum tillage combined with the low-input system (which received the least N ha⁻¹) produced intermediate N₂O emissions, soil N stabilization, and crop N use efficiency. Although total soil N did not change after 1 year of conversion from standard to minimum tillage, our use of stable isotopes permitted the early detection of interactive effects between tillage regimes and cropping systems that determine the trade-offs among N stabilization, N₂O emissions, and N availability.     

Earthworm populations and growth rates related to long-term crop residue and tillage management

Conventional tillage creates soil physical conditions that may restrict earthworm movement and accelerate crop residue decomposition, thus reducing the food supply for earthworms. These negative impacts may be alleviated by retaining crop residues in agroecosystems. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various tillage and crop residue management practices on earthworm populations in the field and earthworm growth under controlled conditions. Population assessments were conducted at two long-term (15+ years) experimental sites in Québec, Canada with three tillage systems: moldboard plow/disk harrow (CT), chisel plow or disk harrow (RT) and no tillage (NT), as well as two levels of crop residue inputs (high and low). Earthworm growth was assessed in intact soil cores from both sites. In the field, earthworm populations and biomass were greater with long-term NT than CT and RT practices, but not affected by crop residue management. Laboratory growth rates of Aporrectodea turgida (Eisen) in intact soil cores were affected by tillage and residue inputs, and were positively correlated with the soil organic C pool, suggesting that tillage and residue management practices that increase the soil organic C pool provide more organic substrates for earthworm growth. The highest earthworm growth rates were in soils from RT plots with high residue input, which differed from the response of earthworm populations to tillage and residue management treatments in the field. Our results suggest that tillage-induced disturbance probably has a greater impact than food availability on earthworm populations in cool, humid agroecosystems.     

耕作措施对温带半干旱地区土壤温室气体(CO2、CH4、N2O)通量的影响

通过设置在甘肃省定西市李家堡镇的不同耕作措施试验, 利用CO₂分析仪、静态箱-气相色谱法对双序列轮作次序下春小麦地、豌豆地生育期内CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量进行了测定。试验结果表明: 4种耕作措施下春小麦地和豌豆地在生育期内均表现为CO₂源、N₂O源和CH₄汇的功能。传统耕作不覆盖、免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖和传统耕作结合秸秆还田下, 春小麦生育期内平均土壤CO₂通量(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)分别为0.203 6、0.221 2、0.241 8、0.224 9, CH₄通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为-0.041 6、-0.078 0、-0.081 8、-0.053 7, N₂O通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为0.089 1、0.069 2、0.046 1、0.065 6; 豌豆生育期内平均土壤CO₂通量(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)分别为0.273 6、0.261 6、0.218 1、0.236 0, CH₄通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为-0.055 0、-0.073 7、-0.066 2、-0.054 5, N₂O通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为0.123 4、0.084 7、0.080 6、0.035 0。少免耕及小麦秸秆覆盖有利于减少土壤CO₂排放通量, 免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖及传统耕作结合秸秆还田均能不同程度地增加CH₄吸收通量、减少N₂O排放通量。综合来看, 免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖和传统耕作结合秸秆还田3种保护性耕作措施有助于减少土壤温室气体的排放量。春小麦地CO₂通量随着土壤温度、土壤含水量的逐渐升高而增大; CH₄吸收通量随着土壤含水量的逐渐升高而增大, 而随着土壤温度的逐渐升高而减小。豌豆地CO₂通量的变化与土壤含水量存在极显著正相关关系; 而春小麦地N₂O通量则与平均土壤温度呈显著正相关, 豌豆地则为极显著正相关。