低比转数离心泵叶轮出口紊流流动结构分析

在叶轮内三维紊流流动数值计算的基础上，从介质能量的观点，分析了不同工况下低比转数离心泵叶轮出口处的紊流流动结构。数值计算采用SIMPLEC算法，在贴体坐标系下求解Navier—Stokes方程，紊流模型采用标准的κ—ε模型。计算结果表明，在叶轮的出口附近靠近吸力面一侧存在一个低能区，而压力面一侧能量相对较高。这与有关文献中所指出的离心风机的“射流—尾流”结构相对应。当偏离设计工况时，该低能区的范围和强度略有增加，相对应的叶轮效率也降低。计算结果与水泵在这些工况下的效率实验结果相一致，说明低能区的存在是影响低比转数离心泵效率的重要因素。     

免耕精量直插点播偏置滑块机构的参数优化

以免耕直插式精量点播器的偏置滑块机构为研究对象,为实现该点播器接近零速投种对其结构参数进行优化分析。对偏置滑块的偏置距离e在[0,25]内抽出11组进行仿真分析。优化分析的结果表明:滑块偏置的距离e=10mm,点播器的鸭嘴入出土位移差s=68mm,鸭嘴在入出土瞬时速度v=42mm/s,曲柄摆角θ=30°。     

354拖拉机与1.5m旋耕机配套性能分析

通过动力特性分析,解决了拖拉机动力输出轴转速高,输出扭矩较小,不能克服土壤对旋耕机的阻力矩,无法正常作业的问题.     

高速切削技术及其在模具加工中的应用

阐述了高速切削技术的工艺特点及应用,其中着重讨论了高速切削技术在模具加工中的应用,并分析了目前高速切削应用中存在的问题,及推广应用高速切削技术的意义。     

基于PID直流电机驱动的移动式采摘机器人设计

为了提高移动式采摘机器人的控制效率和移动精度,将直流电机驱动电路引入到采摘机器人移动控制系统的设计中,并采用PID算法对移动速度进行调节,从而避免采摘机器人在移动过程中产生较大的速度波动,提高其作业时的平稳性。为了验证PID算法在采摘机器人移动控制系统上使用的可行性,模拟葡萄采摘机器人的作业环境,对采摘机器人移动过程的速度控制进行了仿真模拟,结果表明:达到速度预定目标时,PID算法比常规算法具有更快的响应速度,调节过程也更加平稳。     

离心式高速玉米精量排种器T形槽型孔设计与试验

针对离心式高速玉米精量排种器双粒种子并排填充导致重播严重的问题,该研究提出利用型孔槽对称凸台结构降低玉米种子并排填充概率的方法,设计了一种T形槽型孔。通过构建充种阶段玉米种子的力学模型,并结合玉米种子的形状特征确定了T形槽型孔基本结构参数。借助EDEM离散元仿真软件,以型孔槽前端长度、型孔槽后端面倾斜角以及型孔槽底部倾斜角为因素,以合格指数、重播指数与漏播指数为评价指标,设计二次正交旋转回归组合仿真试验。仿真试验结果表明：在作业速度18 km/h条件下,型孔槽前端长度为9.31 mm,型孔槽后端面倾斜角为43.37°与型孔槽底部倾斜角为70.5°时,排种质量最优,排种合格指数、重播指数与漏播指数分别为94.03%、1.72%与4.25%。台架验证试验结果表明：作业速度18 km/h时,T形槽型孔的合格指数为94.54%,与仿真试验结果的相对误差为0.54%,仿真优化试验结果可靠;作业速度为15 km/h时,排种器作业性能最佳,合格指数为95.16%,重播指数为1.42%,漏播指数为3.42%,满足高速精量播种要求;作业速度范围在12 ～ 21 km/h内时,T形槽型孔相较于矩形槽型孔的合格指数提升2.1个百分点以上,重播指数降低2.1个百分点以上,相较于蹄形槽型孔的合格指数提升1.4个百分点以上,重播指数降低2.1个百分点以上。该研究可为离心式高速玉米精量排种器优化提供参考。     

沙漠地区风沙活动特征——以中国科学院风沙观测场为例

运用中国科学院风沙科学观测场的实测资料,对腾格里沙漠风沙环境特征进行初步分析,内容包括起沙风、风沙活动强度、风沙流结构和沙漠边界层的风速廓线.该地区的起沙风以6～8 m/s为主,占总起沙风的71.63%,其次为8～10 m/s,占19.24%,两者之和占90.87%;大风日数为4天;风向以W-N组风向为主;占全年的53.14%.年输沙势为36.56VU,风能属于低风能环境,单一主风向和单风态风环境.风沙流主要集中在地表的0.1 m,占总输沙量的95.46%.观测场近地层厚度大于50 m.     

脲酶/硝化抑制剂配施氮肥对春玉米农田氨排放的影响

通过两年田间定位试验,探讨脲酶/硝化抑制剂配施氮肥在黑土区玉米体系中的氨减排及氮素增效效果。设置两种耕作模式(条耕和旋耕)和3种氮肥类型(常规尿素、添加脲酶抑制剂尿素、添加硝化抑制剂尿素)。结果表明,条耕产量和氮素利用率分别为8 631 kg/hm2和33.4%,明显低于旋耕;氨挥发总量为20.6 kg/hm2,明显高于旋耕。脲酶/硝化抑制剂配施氮肥的产量和氮素利用率分别为10 737 kg/hm2和46.0%,较常规尿素分别提高25.6%和23.6%;土壤氨挥发累积量为18.6 kg/hm2,明显低于常规尿素。抑制剂类型显著影响氨排放,添加脲酶抑制剂尿素低于添加硝化抑制剂尿素。相同氮素投入条件下,添加脲酶/硝化抑制剂尿素在土壤条耕和旋耕模式下均可实现增产增效及氨减排效果,且添加脲酶抑制剂尿素具有较好的氨减排效果。     

Land-use history has a stronger impact on soil microbial community composition than aboveground vegetation and soil properties

The response of soil microbial communities following changes in land-use is governed by multiple factors. The objectives of this study were to investigate (i) whether soil microbial communities track the changes in aboveground vegetation during succession; and (ii) whether microbial communities return to their native state over time. Two successional gradients with different vegetation were studied at the W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan. The first gradient comprised a conventionally tilled cropland (CT), mid-succession forest (SF) abandoned from cultivation prior to 1951, and native deciduous forest (DF). The second gradient comprised the CT cropland, early-succession grassland (ES) restored in 1989, and long-term mowed grassland (MG). With succession, the total microbial PLFAs and soil microbial biomass C consistently increased in both gradients. While bacterial rRNA gene diversity remained unchanged, the abundance and composition of many bacterial phyla changed significantly. Moreover, microbial communities in the relatively pristine DF and MG soils were very similar despite major differences in soil properties and vegetation. After >50 years of succession, and despite different vegetation, microbial communities in SF were more similar to those in mature DF than in CT. In contrast, even after 17 years of succession, microbial communities in ES were more similar to CT than endpoint MG despite very different vegetation between CT and ES. This result suggested a lasting impact of cultivation history on the soil microbial community. With conversion of deciduous to conifer forest (CF), there was a significant change in multiple soil properties that correlated with changes in microbial biomass, rRNA gene diversity and community composition. In conclusion, history of land-use was a stronger determinant of the composition of microbial communities than vegetation and soil properties. Further, microbial communities in disturbed soils apparently return to their native state with time.