基于无人机可见光影像对喀斯特地区植被信息提取与覆盖度研究

为准确快速获取喀斯特石漠化地区植被和植被覆盖度信息，本研究利用四旋翼无人机采集喀斯特石漠化区域的可见光影像，选择过绿指数（EXG，excess green）、可见光波段差异植被指数（VDVI，visible-band difference vegetation indx）、红绿蓝植被指数（RGBRI，red green and blue vegetation index）、过绿减过红指数（ExG-ExR，excess green-excess red），利用植被指数时序图交点法和样本统计法思想，运用阈值分割法进行植被和植被覆盖度的信息提取，并以监督分类得到的植被和植被覆盖度信息为真实值，进行精度验证。结果表明，在贵州省关岭贞丰花江喀斯特石漠化地区，对于植被信息提取，ExG-ExR的精度最高，总体精度为95.56%，Kappa系数为0.919；ExG-ExR得到的植被覆盖度精度最好，为99.174%，均方根误差RMSE为0.097，R²为0.977。由此可见，在喀斯特地区利用植被指数时序图交点法和样本统计法思想，适合该地区的植被信息提取和植被覆盖度的提取，具有较高的精度。     

Linear–threshold animal model for birth weight, gestation length and calving ease in United Kingdom Limousin beef cattle data

Breeding value evaluation for UK Limousin beef cattle data was carried out by multiple-trait linear–threshold animal model with variance components assumed to be known. Polychotomous calving ease with five categories was analysed with two continuous traits: birth weight and gestation length. Field data consisted of 220,799 animals with observations with every possible combination of traits, and 270,035 animals in the pedigree. The threshold model was solved either with Newton Raphson or Expectation Maximisation algorithm, and solutions were compared to evaluation by a linear model with original and normalised scores. There were insignificant differences in solutions between the two algorithms for threshold model analyses. Furthermore, solutions of the continuous traits were similar by the threshold and linear models. For the categorical trait, correlations for random effects from the threshold and linear models were high. In case of normalised scores (original scores case in brackets) correlations with solutions from the threshold and linear model were 0.97 (0.94) and 0.97 (0.93) for direct and maternal genetic effects and 0.95 (0.89) for permanent maternal effects. Even so, at least one third of the top 1% ranking of bulls differed between the linear and the threshold models. Predictive abilities as correlations between estimated breeding values and pedigree indices were almost equal between the linear and threshold models for both continuous and categorical traits. In conclusion, despite the higher computational demand, the linear–threshold animal model can be seen worthwhile in the genetic evaluation of the national UK beef cattle data set.     

13种果树对酸雨抗性的研究

研究了模拟酸雨对荔枝、龙眼、柑橘等13种南方果树的叶片伤害、新梢增长率、细胞膜透性及叶片叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,模拟酸雨抑制果树的生长,对叶片产生可见伤害,细胞膜透性增加,叶绿素含量降低;不同果树对酸雨的抗性也与酸雨的pH相关,芒果、枇杷、黄皮对酸雨抗性较强;猕猴桃、李、青梅、番石榴对酸雨最敏感;pH3.0～4.0是大多数南方果树产生显性伤害阈值,pH4.0可作为隐性伤害阈值。     

Species Dynamics in Disturbed Landscapes: When does a Shifting Habitat Mosaic Enhance Connectivity?

Although landscape ecology emphasizes the effects of spatial pattern on ecological processes, most neutral models of species–habitat relationships have treated habitat as a static constraint. Do the working hypotheses derived from these models extend to real landscapes where disturbances create a shifting mosaic? A spatial landscape simulator incorporating vegetation dynamics and a metapopulation model was used to compare species in static and dynamic landscapes with identical habitat amounts and spatial patterns. The main drivers of vegetation dynamics were stand-replacing disturbances, followed by gradual change from early-successional to old-growth habitats. Species dynamics were based on a simple occupancy model, with dispersal simulated as a random walk. As the proportion of available habitat (p) decreased from 1.0, species occupancy generally declined more rapidly and reached extinction at higher habitat levels in dynamic than in static landscapes. However, habitat occupancy was sometimes actually higher in dynamic landscapes than in static landscapes with similar habitat amounts and patterns. This effect was most pronounced at intermediate amounts of habitat (p = 0.3?0.6) for mobile species that had high colonization rates, but were unable to cross non-habitat patches. Differences between static and dynamic landscapes were contingent upon the initial metapopulation size and the shapes of disturbances and the resulting habitat patterns. Overall, the results demonstrate that dispersal-limited species exhibit more pronounced critical behavior in dynamic landscapes than is predicted by simple neutral models based on static landscapes. Thus, caution should be exercised in extending generalizations derived from static landscape models to disturbance-driven landscape mosaics.     

Click and low-, middle-, and high-frequency toneburst stimulation of the canine cochlea

A method was developed to deliver tonebursts ranging in frequency from 1 to 32 kHz for frequency-specific assessment of the canine cochlea. Brainstem auditory-evoked responses (early latency responses, 0-10 ms) to a click (CS) and to 1-, 2-, 4-, 8-, 12-, 16-, 24-, and 32-kHz toneburst stimulations (TS) were compared at 80-dB sound pressure level stimulus (SPL) intensity in 10 adult dogs. All stimulations yielded a 5-7 positive wave pattern, with the exception of the 1-kHz TS, which evoked a frequency-following response (FFR). Thresholds were lowest for the CS and the 12- and 16-kHz TS. All individual peak latencies for TS were significantly (P < or = .05) longer than for CS. Peak I latencies were significantly (P < or = .05) shorter for the 12- and 16-kHz TS than for the other TS. Interpeak latencies I-V were significantly (P < or = .05) longer for the 4- to 32-kHz TS than for CS. Differences in interpeak latencies I-III were not significant. Amplitudes of waves I and V were significantly (P < or = .05) lower for TS than for CS, except for higher wave V amplitude (P < or = .05) at 2- and 32-kHz TS. Peak I-V amplitude ratios were significantly (P < or = .05) higher for the 2-, 4-, 16-, 24-, and 32-kHz TS and lower for the 8- and 12-kHz TS, compared to CS. We conclude that reproducible information on frequency specificity of the canine cochlea can be obtained by TS. This report provides a normative database for parameters needed to evaluate frequency-specific hearing loss in dogs.     

用电导频散法研究Cl-、SO42-和H2PO4-阴离子与土壤的相互作用

本文介绍了采用电导频散装置测量分别含有10^-4mol/LHCl、5×10^-5mol/L H₂SO₄和10^-4mol/L H₃PO₄的黄棕壤、棕壤、黑土和砖红壤悬液(20-30g/kg)的电导频散曲线,频散曲线上均呈现频率范围相当宽的坪区,频散曲线的特性分析结果表明,黄棕壤和棕壤在3种酸溶液中的始散频率(0.6-1kHz)低于黑土悬液(16-28kHz),而砖红壤的始散频率最高(25-47kHz;Cl^-、SO₄^2-和H₂PO₄^-离子与4种土壤的相对亲合力(REC_1.5/REC_tp-1)顺序为Cl^- < SO₄^2- < H₂PO₄^-,在不同土壤之间的顺序则随酸溶液而异.     

兴安落叶松鞘蛾有效积温的研究

为了解兴安落叶松鞘蛾各不同发育阶段对环境温度变化的敏感性,进而为预测各虫期的出现时间提供理论依据。于1986年4月到1987年4月,在东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场,对该种害虫的有效积温进行了测定;又于1987年4月—1988年10月,对所得结果进行了验证,最后表明:1—3龄幼虫、4龄幼虫、蛹、成虫以及卵的发育起点温度分别是:4.52±0.34℃、7.66±1.65℃、12.7±0.49℃、13.67±0.18℃、13.76±1.04℃;它们的有效积温分别是:1298.15±34.35日度、61.42±21.34日度;59.99±9.87日度、13.97±1.09日度、43.07±10.25日度。     

Ecoenzymatic stoichiometry at the extremes: How microbes cope in an ultra-oligotrophic desert soil

Arid ecosystems are characterized by stressful conditions of low energy and nutrient availability for soil microorganisms. It has been observed that the ecoenzymes needed for the transformation of organic compounds into assimilable products show similar scaling relationships in different habitats (logarithmic C:N:P scaling ratios ∼1:1:1). In this study in Cuatro Ciénegas Basin (CCB) in the Chihuahuan desert of México, we report among the lowest ecoenzymatic activities yet quantified in soil. Nevertheless, activities for both organic N and organic P acquisition enzymes scale with C acquisition with a slope of ∼1.0, indicating that the soil microbial communities of this ultra-oligotrophic desert ecosystem follow the global ecoenzymatic stoichiometry patterns. CCB soil microbial communities were co-limited by C and either by N or P but this co-limitation played out differently in different parts of the CCB as indicated by microbial ecoenzymatic shift to allocate more resources to acquire and immobilize the scarcer nutrient. By extending ecoenzymatic analyses to these ultra-oligotrophic soils, our findings support the broad utility of the approach in illuminating how microbes acquire limiting resources in arid ecosystems.     

常德地区土壤水分自动站数据质量控制的阈值确定

统计分析常德地区9个土壤水分自动站关于土壤体积含水量、土壤相对湿度、土壤重量含水率、土壤有效水分贮存量逐小时资料,得到各层土壤水分分布特征.根据9个站点地理环境以及四要素分布、变化特点,针对作物地段和固定地段两种不同自动站,分汛期和非汛期两时段得到适合当地条件的各层土壤水分阈值和质量控制方案.通过质量评估结果的分析,发现有必要分别对固定地段和作物地段站点进行质量控制.土壤水分自动站小时资料的质量控制方案具有很好的适用性.各个要素各层在汛期和非汛期时段可用率很高,均超过95％.     

球囊线蚓的发育起点温度和有效积温(环带纲:近孔目:线蚓科)

旨在探索严重危害西洋参幼苗的新害虫球囊线蚓Enchytraeus bulbosus(Clitellata:Plesiopora:Enchytraeidae)的生理学时间。在11.9、15.0、18.0、21.0、24.2、27.1、30.3、33.0℃恒温条件下培养球囊线蚓,测量卵期、幼蚓期、产卵前期及全代期的平均长度(N),纳入方差分析;再将N转换为倒数(V,V=1/N),以培养温度T对V做直线相关回归分析,由最小二乘法直接计算发育起点温度(C)和有效积温(K),建立发育历期对温度的倒数模型N=K/(T-C)。结果显示:卵期,r=0.996***,N=95.9/(T-6.1);幼蚓期,r=0.982***,N=96.2/(T-6.0);全代期,r=0.990***,N=238.4/(T-5.4)。C值和K值反映其生理生态学参数,并能在制定其综合治理方案时发挥积极作用。