栗蚕卵发育起点温度和有效积温的测定

栗蚕(Dictypoea japonica)是珍贵的野生泌丝昆虫资源。对解除滞育的栗蚕卵分别通过15、18、21、24℃恒温处理暖种,测定栗蚕卵的发育起点温度为(10.2±0.6)℃、孵化有效积温为(181.7±11.6)℃.d,表明一旦给予越冬后解除滞育的栗蚕卵9.6℃以上的温度条件,就可能使其开始发育,当有效积温达到170℃.d时便可孵化。该结果可作为栗蚕卵的人工越冬保护及暖种技术处理的理论依据之一。     

Dose-related antinociceptive effects of intravenous buprenorphine in cats

The dose-related antinociceptive effects of intravenous (IV) buprenorphine were evaluated in cats. Thermal (TT) and mechanical threshold (MT) devices were used for nociceptive stimulation. After baseline threshold recordings, buprenorphine was administered IV (0.01, 0.02 or 0.04 mg/kg; B1, B2 and B4, respectively) in a randomised, blinded and cross-over study. Data were analysed by ANOVA (P < 0.05) using 95% confidence intervals (CI). TT increased 15, 30, 45 min and 1 (5.2 ± 2.7 °C), 2, 3 and 4 h after B1; 15, 30, 45 min and 1 (5.1 ± 3.9 °C) and 2 h after B2, and 15, 30, 45 min and 1 (5.4 ± 3.3 °C), 2, 3, 6 and 8 h after B4. MT increased 15 and 45 min after B2 (260 ± 171 mmHg), and 30 (209 ± 116 mmHg) and 45 min and 1 and 2 h after B4. At 45 min, MT values were significantly higher after B2 compared to B1 (P < 0.05). With MT, B2 and B4 produced more antinociception and longer duration of action than B1, respectively. No dose response to thermal stimulation was detected.     

Genetic analyses of piglet survival and individual birth weight on first generation data of a selection experiment for piglet survival under outdoor conditions

Genetic parameters of piglet survival traits and birth weight were estimated on the first generation data of a selection experiment aimed at improving piglet survival using a multiple trait linear and threshold model. Data on 5293 piglets for survival at birth, at day one after birth and during the entire nursing period, as well as individual birth weight and litter size, were recorded in an outdoor production system. Genetic effects of piglet survival traits and birth weight were estimated based on threshold and Gaussian models, respectively, using a Bayesian approach. The statistical model included as fixed effects selection group, parity, gender, fostering, gestation length and month of farrowing and, alternatively, an adjustment for litter size. Direct genetic effects (i.e. the piglet's genetic potential) for piglet survival and birth weight were estimated separately, whereas maternal genetic and environmental effects could only be estimated for the given data structure in a combined litter effect. Posterior means of heritabilities for direct genetic effects of survival at birth, at first day after birth and the entire nursing period, as well as birth weight, were 0.08, 0.07, 0.08 and 0.20, respectively. Genetic correlations among survival traits were in the range of 0.29 to 0.40 and indicate that these traits were mainly attributable to different genetic effects. Genetic correlations between direct effects of survival traits and birth weight ranged between 0.18 and 0.23 and were reduced when weights of stillborn piglets were omitted in the analysis or the traits were adjusted for litter size. The magnitudes of direct genetic effects of survival traits are substantially higher than estimates in the literature, which may indicate that these traits have a higher genetic influence under outdoor conditions. The use of birth weight in the multiple trait estimation provided important information for the estimation of survival traits due to its favourable genetic correlations with survival, its high heritability and its high information content as a continuously measured trait.     

Quantifying successional rates in western aspen woodlands: Current conditions,future predictions

Stands of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) rank among the most biologically diverse plant communities across the intermountain region of western North America. Marked declines of aspen have occurred in recent decades, likely due to a combination of effects from changes in fire regimes, herbivory, climate (e.g. drought), and interspecific competition with conifer species. However, it is poorly understood how the effects of these factors are manifested at a landscape scale over decadal time periods. Analysis of field data combined with topographic information collected across the 500,000 ha Owyhee Plateau in southwestern Idaho revealed that aspen in the area occur in three different biophysical settings; First, aspen stands exist at high altitudes on south-facing slopes where local conifer species are not likely to occur because of limiting temperature or precipitation levels under current climate conditions. In these areas aspen is the potential vegetation type rather than conifers. Second, aspen grow on anomalously wet microsites (e.g. near springs), and third, aspen grow within upland mixed aspen/conifer stands, which are experiencing rapid rates of conifer establishment. Based on a paired t-test (α = 0.05) we conclude that stands growing on wet microsites show significantly slower successional rates of conifer establishment relative to upland aspen stands. We developed a conceptual state-and-transition model for upland aspen/conifer stands occurring across a range of topographic positions. We then parameterized the model using extensive field data in the vegetation dynamics computer simulation model Vegetation Dynamics Development Tool (VDDT), and examined the current and future aspen distribution under varying fire regimes. Model results indicate that average fire return intervals of 50–70 years are desirable for maintenance of aspen in upland areas where conifers are present. Under the current fire regime in the area many upland aspen/conifer stands will likely be lost within 80–200 years. Thresholds for the effect of conifer encroachment and browsing on aspen regeneration identified through this research are similar to those described by others across the West. We therefore suggest that the results presented for the Owyhee Plateau are likely applicable to semi-arid aspen woodlands across the American West where succession to conifers is a cause of aspen decline.     

自然变温条件下小菜蛾年生活史及群体生长发育的研究

在变温条件下连续饲养观察小菜蛾两年,摸清了小菜蛾每年可发生12代,发育起点温度C为2.2℃,有效积温K为613.58日度。测算了每一代每头的平均产卵量。结合当地气温资料对小菜蛾的生长发育、冬季活动状况、全年田间虫口变动趋势进行了分析和讨论。     

桓仁山区热度日与冷度日变化特征分析

应用19532010年桓仁县逐日平均气温序列,对桓仁山区月、年的热度日（HDD）和冷度日（CDD）的变化规律进行分析,并探讨度日与平均气温的关系。结果表明,平均月HDD以1月最大,年HDD呈明显的下降趋势,其线性倾向率为-98.96（℃.d）/10a;平均月CDD以7月最大,CDD多年呈上升趋势,上升率为7.13（℃.d）/10a。年HDD和CDD与年平均气温具有较高的相关性;年际、年代际HDD与年际、年代际平均气温具有反位相变化趋势;随着气候变暖,桓仁山区HDD将趋于减小,冬季用于供暖的能源将减少,CDD将趋于增加,夏季用于制冷降温的能源将增加。     

一种新小波图像降噪方法在农业采摘中的应用

机器人在田间采摘果蔬过程中必然受到多种图像噪声的影响,在利用小波进行图像降噪时,出于最大限度保存图像信息考虑,阈值的选择是一个最重要的环节。提出一种新的基于小波变换的非线性阈值函数,这种函数兼顾了最优阈值和阈值函数这两个降噪的最重要因素,从而获得最佳的效果。试验证明,这种方法降噪效果良好,与传统的软阈值、硬阈值函数相比,不仅提高了去噪后图像的峰值信噪比（PSNR）,而且在视觉上也更加清晰。     

Development of a bioacoustic sensor for the early detection of Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier)

The Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier) is one of the worst pests for palms, since it can completely destroy the plant. Its early detection is very difficult and when the action of the pest is discovered, normally it is too late for recovering the plant. Bioacoustic sensors provide a good alternative for early detection of this pest because larvae activity is audible while they excavate tunnels to feed. This work describes the different stages for the development of an original electronic device based on acoustic sensors for early detection of Red Palm Weevil larvae in the interior of palms. This device is based on characteristic frequencies possibly related to their feeding activity. The performed tests have demonstrated that is possible to detect two week old larvae activity studying the sound intensity around 2250 Hz in palms infested only with 5 individuals under controlled environmental conditions. The activity of other insects artificially situated in the interior of palms did not affect the response of the device, possibly because they produce different frequencies (in the range 5–7 kHz). Future work will be aimed at assessing the infestation levels.     

基于SPOT／VEGETATION数据的陕甘宁退耕还林区植被分类

以评估退耕还林／还草的气候、生态效应为目的,利用多时相SPOT／VEGETATION数据,将监督分类与非监督分类相结合,选定合适的阈值对西北地区植被及作物进行分类。整个分类过程按照紧凑的时间序列进行顺序分类。分类顺序依次是：常青林地、混合林、水体、冬小麦、草地、灌木、春小麦、水稻、湿地、其他杂粮、玉米、马铃薯、沙漠、半沙漠。①常青林：选择1月份资料,常青林的NDVI最大,其阈值一般选择140左右;②混合林：一般选择10月上旬图像。其NDVI较小,只有林、草的NDVI较大,且林地NDVI大于草地,其NDVI值一般在130～140（为便于分类,将NDVI真实值扩大1000倍,下同）;③水体：选择12月中旬的图像;④沙漠：选择各种植被最好的时节,如7月下旬、8月上旬的图像。设定阈值小于50;⑤草地和灌木：选择9月下旬图像。选择分区域进行植被分类,并结合图像本身进行分区分类。阈值选取：草地北部60～65,南部80～95;灌木70～75;⑥冬小麦：选择上年11月上、中旬图像。选择阈值将冬小麦和林地共同区域分出,再除去林地,剩下的就是冬小麦的分布区域;⑦湿地、水稻：选择5～6月上旬图像;⑧春小麦：选择4月下旬的图像。这个时期生长的植被包括冬小麦、春小麦以及林地、草地,从此时相的图像中分出所有植被,然后排除冬小麦、林地、草地,即得春小麦种植区域;⑨玉米、马铃薯混合区：图像选择8月中、下旬,宁夏灌区单独分出,灌区可区分出的植物为水稻和玉米,排除水稻区域即为玉米。其他地区为玉米、马铃薯混合区其他旱地作物：主要有油料作物、山区谷类作物。时相选择和玉米、马铃薯混区相同;⑩半沙漠：以上所有植被类型都分类完成以后进行合并,空白的区域认为是半沙漠地区。黄土高原稀疏植被区域,由于植被分布十分稀疏,认为是半沙漠。上述分类结果与统计面积、实际调查结果相比,精度在85％以上。     

基于正交小波系数的阈值降噪法

依据信号与噪声小波变换系数的差异,提出的用阈值法去噪可以很好的使噪声得到抑制,且几乎保留了原始信号所有的特征点.本文详细阐述了小波分析信噪分离的基本原理和方法,通过仿真分析得到良好的效果,为信号去噪提供一条有效的途径.