不同时间尺度胡杨液流速率与土壤因子的关系

为揭示土壤因子对胡杨液流的影响是否存在时间尺度差异,对库姆塔格沙漠东南部胡杨液流速率及20、50、100、150和200 cm土层的土壤含水量（soil water content,SWC）、土壤温度（soil temperature,Ts）进行持续 5个月的同步观测。结果表明,月尺度下,SWC_200cm是胡杨液流速率变化的主要影响因子,单独能解释94.9%的液流速率变化;日尺度下,Ts_200cm、SWC_50cm、SWC_20cm、SWC_200cm4个因子可以共同解释胡杨93.2%的液流速率变化,其中,Ts_200cm可以解释液流速率变化的90.3%,对胡杨液流速率影响最大;小时尺度下,Ts_200cm对胡杨液流的影响最大,可以解释液流速率变化的51.6%。随着时间尺度的扩大,对液流速率变化的影响因子由多变少,可靠性由小变大。由此表明,根据土壤含水量及土壤温度预测小时尺度胡杨液流速率需要较多的参数,且可靠性较小;而预测月尺度液流速率需要较少的参数,且可靠性较大。因此,预测月尺度胡杨液流速率更为合适。     

科尔沁沙地系统开发研究--以奈曼旗为例

本文以奈曼旗为例，用生态经济学原理与系统工程的方法研究沙地综合开发，从宏观上以生态环境与社会经济协调发展为指导，进行整体战略研究；从微观上在不同类型地区和不同层次进行优化模式试点，并实施了六大生态工程，进行了六大开发，取得了较好的社会、经济和生态效益。     

Reptile diversity and rodent community structure across a political border

The peace treaty between Israel and Jordan found the Arava desert ecosystem, shared by the two countries, in a state of developmental dichotomy. On the Israeli side, vast lands have been settled and transformed into agricultural fields, while the Jordanian side has remained relatively intact and inhabited by only a few traditional and pastoral societies. This study examined the effect of different landscape units and proximity to agriculture on reptile diversity and rodent community structure on both sides of the border. It appears that in addition to the effect of proximity to agricultural fields and landscape habitat, the border between the two countries may play a role in determining diversity on the respective sides. While reptile abundance was generally higher on the Israeli side of the border, diversity was found to be significantly higher on the Jordanian side. Rodent community structure also revealed significant differences between the two sides of the border, mainly due to the more favorable conditions for psammophilic gerbils in Jordan. When comparing Western society with pastoral traditional society, it appears that development activities of the former have altered diversity and community structure of the taxa studied in the Arava. We suggest that in addition to the effects of habitats and human disturbances, such as modern agricultural practices, cultural differences between societies should be considered when conservation plans are developed for cross-border ecosystems.     

库姆塔格沙漠西缘风况特征及沙丘运移规律

利用风况资料和Google Earth卫星影像,分析研究区域的风况特征及沙丘运移特征,并研究沙丘年运移速度、方向及其规律,对防沙治沙手段的提高具有重要意义。结果表明：（1）研究区年平均风速为1.535~1.768 m/s,起沙风平均风速最高值出现在5,6月,全年起沙风平均风速的最低值出现在1月。（2）起沙风和输沙势主要分布在WSW、W、WNW和NW方位。（3）输沙势为0~26 VU,属于低风能环境;风向变率为0.5~0.9,属于中风向变率,钝双峰风况。（4）研究区沙丘年平均移动速度为12.26 m/a,沙丘平均年前移值在10 m以上,属最快速类型,平均移动方向为125.13°,与当地合成输沙方向基本一致。（5）沙丘运移速度与沙丘高度、宽度呈负相关关系,除沙丘高度、宽度以外,风速、输沙势、沙丘密度也影响沙丘的运移速度。     

Controls on soil respiration in semiarid soils

Soil respiration in semiarid ecosystems responds positively to temperature, but temperature is just one of many factors controlling soil respiration. Soil moisture can have an overriding influence, particularly during the dry/warm portions of the year. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the influence of soil moisture on the relationship between temperature and soil respiration. Soil samples collected from a range of sites arrayed across a climatic gradient were incubated under varying temperature and moisture conditions. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of substrate quality on short-term soil respiration responses by carrying out substrate-induced respiration assessments for each soil at nine different temperatures. Within all soil moisture regimes, respiration rates always increased with increase in temperature. For a given temperature, soil respiration increased by half (on average) across moisture regimes; Q₁₀ values declined with soil moisture from 3.2 (at −0.03 MPa) to 2.1 (−1.5 MPa). In summary, soil respiration was generally directly related to temperature, but responses were ameliorated with decrease in soil moisture.     

东沙窝沙漠区不同造林技术效果分析

通过对东沙窝沙漠区采取提前整地、压沙等方式,选用良种壮苗、蘸泥浆、覆沙、平茬复壮、纯林改混交林等综合技术进行造林试验,结果表明,试验区造林成活率、保存率普遍提高,小气候环境明显改善:植被区风速比旷野区降低了25.8%～32.6%;灌木固沙林在夏季降低气温10℃左右,降低地温6～10℃,冬季地面最高温度提高2～4℃。     

沙漠绿洲农业区建立果粮间作模式体系探讨

生态环境脆弱是沙漠绿洲农业的重要限制因子，果粮间作体系是一个生态效益强而稳固、经济效益高而持续的立体农业模式。本文根据内蒙古西部沙漠绿洲的综合特点以及河套地区果粮间作实践经验，阐述了沙漠绿洲农业区建立果粮间作模式体系的重要意义，并指出建立实施该模式体系应该注意的几个关键问题。     

乌兰布和沙漠东北部天然植被动态及生态用水量研究

乌兰布和沙漠东北部的不同地类导致该地区天然植被生境差异，进而形成了有不同顶级植物组成的天然植物群落。本文在不同时期卫星影像解译的土地利用类型基础上，分析了乌兰布和沙漠东北部天然植被生境动态变化。结果表明，该地区固定半固定沙地面积均有所减少，流动沙地扩大，同时盐碱地大大萎缩。在此基础上，用间接推求方法估算了该地区天然植被的生态用水量，其中柠条群落的生态用水量占整个研究区域生态用水总量的50．01％，油蒿＋白刺＋沙冬青群落占41．03％，梭梭群落占7．38％，盐碱地柽柳群落占1．58％。     

Bird communities, roads and development: prospects and constraints of applying empirical models

Our objectives were to explain the prospects and constraints of applying empirical models that relate bird community metrics to broad-scale characteristics of roads and development. We explored the practical value of regression models that were derived for a large protected area in the Chihuahuan Desert. These models related bird species richness, relative abundance, or probability of occurrence to total length of roads within each of two spatial extents (1- and 2-km radii), distance to the nearest road, distance to the nearest development, or the two-way interactions of these variables. Empirical models can be used to inform conservation decisions, to parameterise simulation models for conservation planning, to identify threshold levels of road and development variables, and to determine the focus of management experiments for confirmatory hypothesis testing and improvement of model realism.     

Longterm influence of liquid sewage sludge on the organic carbon and nitrogen content of a furrow-irrigated desert soil

Summary In this study we evaluated the impact of five annual liquid sewage-sludge applications on the organic C and N content of a furrow-irrigated desert soil. Mineralization rates showed that sludge organic matter is mineralized rapidly (65% per year). Resistant residual sludge organic matter accumulation resulted in a theoretical increase in total soil organic C of 0.013% for the single sludge rate or 0.038% for three annual applications. These small additions were not detected in sludged soils at any depth to 270 cm. Similarly, increases in total soil N were not detected at any depth. However, soluble forms of organic C and N did increase in sludged soils relative to the non-sludged soils. In addition, soluble C:N ratios decreased significantly in the sludged soils. Soluble C and N also increased with depth due to leaching. This study therefore shows that applications of liquid sludge onto desert soils could affect the status of underground aquifers with respect to nitrate pollution.