内蒙古北部荒漠草原带的严重荒漠化及其治理

位居干旱气候区的内蒙古高原中北部的荒漠草原地带 ,面临着严重荒漠化的威胁。目前已有 90 %以上的天然草场退化与沙化 ,变成寸草不生的不毛之地。大大扩展了我国北部沙尘暴频繁发生的地带 ,成为北方生态安全最危险的地区。这是多年来盲目增畜 ,超载过牧 ,滥垦乱挖的掠夺式生产经营中又加上干旱气候因素的耦合作用所造成的必然恶果。面对这一严峻形势 ,急需采取果断措施抢救荒漠草原地带的整体生态环境。应立即实行禁牧封育 ,人畜转移 ,调整结构 ,移民扩镇。使荒漠草原地带与农牧交错地带以及城市之间建立起产业化可持续发展的新途径     

古尔班通古特沙漠不同生态类型梭梭地上生物量估算模型

以古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)为研究对象,采用基径(D)和株高(H)的组合D2H为变量,建立了沙质、盐土和石砾质3个生态类型梭梭地上生物量、基径≥3 cm的粗枝生物量及基径<3 cm细枝生物量的预测模型。结果表明:梭梭地上生物量、粗枝生物量及细枝生物量与基径平方乘高(D2H)之间存在极为显著的相关关系;地上生物量在3种生态类型上均表现出与乔木树种类似的相对生长规律,其估测模型以幂函数方程最优;粗枝和细枝生物量在沙质生态类型上以幂函数方程最好,而在盐土和石砾质生态类型上则以二次多项式方程最佳;各模型回检的拟合精度都在85%以上,预测精度较可靠。     

Spatial heterogeneity of soil water content in the reversion process of desertification in arid areas

Sandy soils in arid,rain-fed environments have low and limited water content,which is a principal factor limiting vegetation development,and a key constraint controlling the structure and functions of the ecological systems in arid areas.The spatial heterogeneity of soil water content is a major soil property,and a focus of soil science and hydrology.On the southern edge of the Tengger Desert,sample plots were selected from mobile sand dunes in desertified lands that had been enclosed for 5,15 and 25 years,respectively.This study explored the dynamic and spatial heterogeneity of soil water content in these different layers of soil that were also in the reversion process of desertification.The results showed that the soil water content of the mobile sand dunes was highest when in the initial stages of the reversion process of desertification,while the soil water content in the 0-20 cm,20-40 cm and 40-60 cm layers of soil was 1.769%,3.011%,and 2.967% respectively,presenting a restoring tendency after 25 years of enclosure.There were significant differences,as a whole,in the soil water content among different restoration stages and different soil layers,respectively.Changes in soil water content,in different soil layers,at different restoration stages,exhibited exponential or spherical patterns.The spatial distribution of soil water content exhibited a mosaic patch pattern with obvious spatial heterogeneity.The ratio of the heterogeneity of spatial autocorrelation to gross spatial heterogeneity was greater than 50%.The gross spatial heterogeneity of the 0-20 cm layer of soil improved gradually,while those of the 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm layers improved initially,then weakened in the reversion process of desertification.This study revealed that restoration with sand-binding vegetation reduced soil water content,and increased its spatial heterogeneity in arid areas.However,after 25 years of vegetation-soil system restoration,the soil water content started to increase and its spatial heterogeneity started to weaken.These results will further benefit the understanding of the ecological mechanism between soil water and sand-binding vegetation.     

甘肃省玛曲县沙漠化土地治理探讨

评价了玛曲县的生态地位,论述了生态环境现状及生态环境恶化的成因,提出了治理生态环境的建议,并分析了治理效益.     

Bird communities, roads and development: prospects and constraints of applying empirical models

Our objectives were to explain the prospects and constraints of applying empirical models that relate bird community metrics to broad-scale characteristics of roads and development. We explored the practical value of regression models that were derived for a large protected area in the Chihuahuan Desert. These models related bird species richness, relative abundance, or probability of occurrence to total length of roads within each of two spatial extents (1- and 2-km radii), distance to the nearest road, distance to the nearest development, or the two-way interactions of these variables. Empirical models can be used to inform conservation decisions, to parameterise simulation models for conservation planning, to identify threshold levels of road and development variables, and to determine the focus of management experiments for confirmatory hypothesis testing and improvement of model realism.     

基于无人机技术黄河沿岸沙丘移动速度监测及影响因素分析

为更便捷地监测乌兰布和沙漠黄河沿岸沙丘移动速度并解析其影响因素,该研究以乌兰布和沙漠沿黄段沙丘为研究对象,应用无人机航拍技术开展沿岸沙丘的季节性地貌过程和影响因素研究。结果表明：1）研究区沙丘年移动速率1.08～2.27 m/a,多年平均输沙势为78.82 VU,年合成输沙势为25.92 VU,处于低风能环境,8～12 m/s等级风输沙势是年输沙势的主要部分,约占73.24%。方向变率（合成输沙势（Resultant Drift Potential,RDP）与输沙势（Drift Potential,DP）的比值）RDP/DP 保持在0.30～0.46之间,属于中等变率。合成输沙方向RDD为57.83°～107.39°,与沙丘移动方向较为一致,西风组占全年输沙势的52.09%,是沙丘年移动的主要驱动力。2）沙丘移动速率具有明显的季节特征,整体呈现春季移动速率快,冬末-春初次之,秋季与秋末-冬末相近,夏季移动速率最慢。其中,秋末-冬末、春季和秋季输沙势DP 8.48～20.49 VU,合成输沙势方向在90.02°～95.54°之间,RDP/DP值均在0.3～0.8之间,属于中等变率,西风组作用显著,这与年合成输沙方向及沙丘走向较为一致;冬末-春初和春末-夏季分别受东北风（NE）和南风组（SSE、S、SSW）作用,沙丘通过形态变化适应风向,移动速度降缓。季节输沙势主要集中在8～10 m/s风速等级,约占整个季节输沙势的40.76%～56.93%。3）综合各季节和年际输沙势与沙丘移动距离呈线性正相关,拟合方程为y=1.02+0.006 62x（R2=0.339,F=5.616,P=0.045）,方程总体显著,输沙势可以表征该地区沙丘移动距离。基于无人机监测的沙丘运动研究综合显示,风况是该地区影响该地区沙丘移动的主要动力,其中西风组8 m/s以上风速是研究区沙丘移动的主要驱动力。风向变率和合成输沙势方向与沙丘移动方向一致时沙丘移动则快,不一致时则缓;无人机可在较大尺度上为沙丘移动提供更为便捷的监测服务,研究结果可为同类地区沙丘移动的无人机监测提供参考依据。     

巴音温都尔沙漠典型植物群落土壤物理性质研究

巴音温都尔沙漠是我国北方干旱气候带典型的环境敏感区和生态脆弱区,生态建设和植被恢复对巴音温都尔沙漠生态系统服务功能极为重要.本研究以巴音温都尔沙漠梭梭、唐古特白刺、球果白刺、盐爪爪、膜果麻黄群落土壤为试验对象,对不同植物群落类型土壤物理性状和持水能力进行了研究.结果表明:5种群落中土壤孔隙度、土壤毛管孔隙度与土壤非毛管...     

Landscaping and performance of some aesthetic plant species in hot, arid conditions of India

Establishment of ornamental and aesthetic plants in hot, arid conditions of India is difficult due to the prevailing climatic, edaphic and biotic factors. Effect of turfgrass on the growth of ornamental plants in hot arid conditions has not been studied so far anywhere in the world. A study was conducted on the campus of Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur, India to assess the performance of a few ornamental plant species in combination with turfgrass and without turfgrass with respect to different soil tilling intervals. Growth of plants was better with turfgrass than without turfgrass. We suggest adopting a soil tilling interval of 30 days to achieve optimum growth of ornamental plant species in terms of height and crown diameter. Our results can help reduce labor costs and achieving better landscapes in fewer days in hot urban conditions of Indian sub continent.     

乌兰布和沙漠植被及其保护

乌兰布和沙漠降雨稀少,生态环境脆弱,有种子植物49科169属312种,以蒙古种、戈壁—蒙古种、戈壁种以及古地中海区系的荒漠成分占主导地位;自然植被为亚洲中部荒漠区与草原区的分界线,主要有梭梭、柠条、白刺和油蒿、沙冬青＋白刺＋油蒿、白刺＋红砂、白刺＋霸王＋油蒿、籽蒿＋沙竹、芦苇、白刺＋芨芨草等9类群丛。由于不合理的利用,草场植被逐年退化,正朝着极度荒漠化演变。对植被状况和平缓沙丘及半固定、半流动沙地等不同立地条件的草地,应因地制宜,造（林）封（育）飞（播）结合,开展综合治理,恢复植被,遏制沙漠化加重的趋势。     

榆阳区刀兔大漠海子保护地两栖爬行动物资源调查

2017年9月和2018年6月,采用围栏陷阱法对榆林市刀兔大漠海子保护地的两栖爬行物种多样性进行了调查研究,探讨了湿地面积的变化对两栖爬行动物的威胁。监测历时36d,5组围栏陷阱共捕获2纲2目4科4种66只两栖爬行动物,捕获率为18.3%。通过1973年和2014年刀兔大漠海子面积的变化,发现人类活动对于湿地的侵蚀和淤积起着重要作用,提出了两栖爬行动物栖息地的保护和管理建议。