黄灌沙区农田耕层土壤性状空间异质性分析

用地统计学的方法,研究了黄灌沙区农田耕作层(030 cm)土壤的有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH和电导率的空间变异规律。结果表明,农田耕作层土壤养分的空间异质性主要由随机性因子如土壤耕作措施,包括施肥、灌溉和作物轮作等造成,这与该区农田耕作层土壤是引黄灌溉改良的结果有关。土壤养分含量的变异函数均可很好地拟合成线性模型,块金值和基台值之比(C0/C0 C)均为1,说明随机性因子是导致该区土壤性状空间变异的主要因素,在整个尺度上具有恒定的变异,造成了土壤性状的相对均一。pH的变异函数为指数模型,其空间异质性组成中随机性和结构性因子各占50%。电导率的变异函数为球状模型,空间变异主要由结构性因子导致,结构性因子引起的空间异质性占总空间异质性的67%。分维数也表明耕层土壤性状空间依赖性较小,随机因子如农业活动是引起黄灌沙区土壤性状空间异质性的关键原因。Moran s I系数表现为除了pH和电导率受结构性和随机性因子共同作用外,其余土壤性状均呈较弱的相关关系。因此,干旱沙区通过人为措施改良的土壤性状空间上的变异主要受人为活动如灌溉、施肥和耕作等影响,在农业活动中更应该注重施肥和灌溉方式、灌溉水源等问题,以避免因土壤性状的变异导致的肥料利用效率降低。     

用遥感图象进行土壤侵蚀系列制图的方法与实践

按照制定的土壤侵蚀图成图系列，根据黄土丘陵沟壑区的特点，以地形结构特征图为主要控制，按地形一植被条件（或土地利用）一致性原则圈定图斑，用多层逐步判别归类法确定土壤侵蚀的相对等级，再运用试错迭代法并参照各小流域的实测土壤侵蚀资料把土壤侵蚀分级图转化为定量的土壤侵蚀强度图，完成了洪水沟流域的侵蚀等级的地面绝对定标，得到反映各侵蚀因子综合作用的且有充分的地面侵蚀实测数据支持的士壤侵蚀强度分布图。     

Characteristics and factors controlling the development of ephemeral gullies in cultivated catchments of black soil region, Northeast China

Ephemeral gully erosion is an important process in the black soil region, Northeast China and can be responsible for severe damage to agricultural lands. However, little research on gully formation in this area has been published. The study described in this paper attempted to quantify soil losses, the spatial distribution and morphology of the gullies, and the factors that control their development. Ephemeral gullies were measured in spring and summer of 2005 in two small catchments. The critical periods for ephemeral gully formation were late spring and summer in the study area. Mean soil losses due to ephemeral gully erosion were 0.40 and 0.43 kg m⁻² year⁻¹ for only croplands despite low slope gradients, and this loss is above the tolerable erosion rates of 0.20 kg m⁻² year⁻¹. The erosion rates were greater in spring because the topsoil thawed before deeper layers, reducing infiltration into the soil, and the bare vegetation cover provided no barriers to surface flow. In contrast, summer erosion occurred primarily in response to intense rain events. Development of the gullies was promoted by freeze-thaw cycles in spring and was affected by the type of agricultural operations and crops in summer. A linear regression model for the prediction of ephemeral gully length at the catchment level was established using field data, and although it did not successfully predict the length of individual gullies, it explained 55% of the variation in ephemeral gully length.     

A duplex-PCR bioassay to detect a Trichoderma virens biocontrol isolate in non-sterile soil

This paper describes the identification and utilisation of a sequence-characterised amplified region (SCAR) marker specific for the Trichoderma virens biocontrol isolate GV4. The marker was developed from a RAPD-PCR amplification product unique to isolate GV4. When used as a hybridisation probe in Southern blot analysis, it hybridised to the DNA of the species T. virens alone and not to that of other Trichoderma species or closely related genera Gliocladium and Verticillium. The marker also produced a GV4-specific RFLP, distinguishing it from other T. virens isolates when probed to blots with HindII, BamHI or PstI genomic DNA digests. Primers designed from the sequence of the RAPD marker produced a diagnostic amplification product of 346 bp for GV4 alone, distinguishing it from all other test isolates. With the exception of one, test isolates did not produce an amplification product with the SCAR primers. The exception was a single Verticillium psalliotae isolate (ICMP5509) that produced a product of approx. 400 bp that was easily distinguished from the 346 bp product of GV4. The reliability of the SCAR-based diagnostic test was further improved with the introduction of a positive PCR reaction control to each test, achieved by converting the test to a duplex PCR system. Two universal primers flanking the two ITS and the 5.8S region of the ribosomal gene complex were introduced to each reaction to provide a test for PCR reaction inhibitors to eliminate false negatives in the diagnosis. Amplification of this multi-copy genomic region did not reduce diagnostic sensitivity of the single copy SCAR marker. To further increase the sensitivity of detecting GV4 propagules while maintaining a fast sample assessment assay, soil was amended with cornmeal, as a nutrient source, and a mix of antibiotics to favour Trichoderma growth. The soil mix was subsequently incubated for 5 d before total DNA was extracted. Under these conditions, the duplex soil PCR assay detected GV4 down to a concentration of 10 spores g⁻¹ soil in non-sterile agricultural field soil. This study is the first to report the use of a duplex-PCR diagnostic bioassay for a species within the Hypocrea/Trichoderma genus.     

Analysis of problems in certain soils of the Kyushu Okinawa region for suitable management

ABSTRACT

Soils in the Kyushu Okinawa region with problematic properties for agriculture were studied and the following findings were obtained. 1) Mahji-soils in Nansei Islands became very hard with desiccation under high-pH conditions; therefore, soil treatments that cause alkalinization such as overliming should be avoided. 2) In contrast to the generally favorable effects of organic matter on the physical properties of soil, the application of manure compost at 100 Mg ha^?1 to Mahji-soils increased the degree of hardening with desiccation. 3) Application of clinker ash (coarse fraction of coal ash) at 10% (wt/wt) mitigated the hardening and shrinkage of Jagaru, a heavy-textured gray soil found on Nansei Island. 4) Non-allophanic surface horizons with strong acidity were widely distributed in the Andosol area of central Kyushu, covering at least 340 km². These horizons showed a relatively large ratio of carbon per Al_p (pyrophosphate extractable aluminum) and high content of allophane, and began forming around 2500 years ago. 5)Some Andosols in Kyushu showed remarkable hardness. They are divided into two types, according to the degree of weathering and hardening characteristics, and the different measures required to improve each type. 6) An experimental method for determining nitrate retention by soils was developed, and factors influencing the nitrate retention of Andosols were elucidated using this method. 7) A method for micromorphological observation of pelletized manure compost (PC) grains was developed. This method revealed that the internal microstructure of PC did not change in 18 months after compost application, whereas the volume of the grains decreased with the formation of voids around them. 8) As an indicator of soil acidity concerning the countermeasure for common scab, pH(KCl) can easily be used instead of exchangeable acidity y_1, which is laborious to determine. The maximally simplified pH(KCl) measurement method can be carried out by farmers in the field.     

风沙过渡区土地利用变化及其驱动因素分析--以陕北榆阳区为例

在GIS技术的支持下，依据土地利用动态度模型、区域差异模型和土地利用程度模型，全面分析了榆林市榆阳区1988～2001年土地利用的时空变化，并对土地利用变化的驱动因素进行了详尽分析。结果表明：林地、园地、耕地、居民点及工矿用地、交通用地均呈增长趋势，未利用地、牧草地和水域星减少趋势113年来，榆阳区土地利用变化速度较快，年变化率为0．45％。大于榆林市的土地利用变化速度；榆阳区土地利用变化存在着显著的区域差异；榆阳区土地利用处于发展期，并在榆林市的土地利用变化中发展较快。榆阳区土地利用变化过程中。自然因素的作用并不明显，社会、经济、技术等人文因素则在短期内具有决定性的影响。其中以总人口、工业总产值、乡镇企业个数和城市化水平等因子的作用最大。     

首都圈多伦地区荒漠化生态安全评价

 以多伦地区为例,提出了荒漠化地区生态安全评价的具体指标体系和构建原则,并采用数量化原理与方法,对各指标进行了具体量级划分,利用关联度分析方法,确定了指标的系数,并提出了衡量生态安全程度的数量化指标、生态安全系数及其计算方法。以土壤养分、植被状况、水分条件和地表抗蚀性4个影响生态安全的因子确定了指标体系。以土壤有机质含量、植被盖度、降水量和土壤黏粒为生态安全评价的具体指标,计算了各个因子对生态安全的影响程度。根据土地利用情况,确定了多伦215个土地利用单元的生态安全系数,采用GIS平台得到了多伦地区的生态安全评价图。研究成果可直接为环北京防沙治沙重点工程的实施提供具体指导,研究方法可供区域生态安全评价借鉴。     

赤红壤丘陵区坡地果园集流槽和覆盖试验研究初报

以广东省五华县赤红壤丘陵区坡地果园为例，进行了集流槽和覆盖试验。结果表明，集流槽和覆盖措施对土壤的水热状况有良好的调节作用，能有效改善土壤物理性状，具有增加土壤贮水、降低土壤水分蒸发、调节土壤温度、提高水分利用效率、保护果树根系的作用。该措施在水土流失区赤红壤丘陵坡地果园管理实践中具有一定的推广价值。     

高原沟壑区高效农业生态经济系统研究Ⅱ粮食生产持续发展

长武王东沟试验区通过１０多年系统田间试验，采用不同降水年型粮食作物丰产抗旱技术，在降水趋于正常的１９９３年，小麦产量为４９４４ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，玉米产量为９４７８．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，粮食单产６２５６．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，处历史最高水平，在世界旱作上也是罕见记录。自１９２９年以来灾情最为严重的１９９５年，年降水量２７２．２ｍｍ，占常年降水４６．６％，粮食产量仍取得１５０４．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２的较好收成，与