Bottom soil quality in Tilapia ponds of different age in Thailand

Bottom soil samples were collected from 35 ponds in the vicinity of Samutprakarn, Thailand. Ponds ranged in age from 3 to 39 years and had been used continuously for production of tilapia. Liming materials had been applied in large amounts, and bottom soils of all ponds had pH above 7, low exchange acidity, and free carbonate. Pond soils often contained between 1% and 2% total sulphur, suggesting that they were potential acid–sulphate soils. However, acidity from sulphide oxidation was not expressed because carbonate in the soil neutralized it. Concentrations of total carbon seldom exceeded 4% and the average for organic carbon was 1.90%. The correlations between pond age and both total carbon and organic carbon concentration were weak (r=0.34 and 0.36 respectively). Concentrations of nitrogen in bottom soils did not differ with pond age and ranged from 0.1% to 0.3% with an average of 0.19%. The average ratio of concentrations of carbon and nitrogen was 11. Acid‐extractable phosphorus concentrations averaged 217 mg kg^?1, but the phosphorus adsorption capacity averaged 768 mg kg^?1 suggesting that soils still have considerable reserve capacity to adsorb phosphorus. Ponds can be used annually for semi‐intensive production of tilapia, and presumably other species, for many years without serious deterioration of bottom soil quality.     

Separation of fine organic particles by a low-pressure hydrocyclone (LPH)

The separation performance of a low-pressure hydrocyclone was tested using fine organic particles from 1 to 700 μm. The dimensions of the low-pressure hydrocyclone were an inflow diameter of 30 mm, a cylinder length of 575 mm, an overflow diameter of 60 mm, an underflow diameter of 50 mm, a cylinder diameter of 335 mm and a cone angle of 68°. The low-pressure hydrocyclone was operated with a lower inlet pressure (average 1.38–5.56 kPa) that could be maintained under water level differences that ranged from 17.5 to 53.5 cm between the water surface of the feeding mass cylinder and the middle of the inlet pipe of the low-pressure hydrocyclone. By varying the inflow rate, underflow ratio and feed concentration, the separation performance of the low-pressure hydrocyclone was affected. The separation performances were determined from total separation efficiency and grade efficiency. Separation performances were determined according to the different inflow rates of 400, 600, 800 and 1000 ml s⁻¹ and their respective underflow ratios that ranged from 5% to 30%. The maximum total separation efficiencies for each inflow rate were 41%, 46% and 46% at 400, 800 and 1000 ml s⁻¹ inflow rates, respectively, and at underflow rates of 30% of the inflow rates. In addition, a total separation efficiency of 46% was employed at 600 ml s⁻¹ of inflow rate and with an underflow rate of 25% its inflow rate. As the feed concentration increased from 25 to 150 mg l⁻¹, the separation performances were gradually decreased. For the fine particles ranging 1–200 μm, the grade efficiency was higher at the higher inflow rate (higher than 600 ml s⁻¹) and higher underflow rate. However, for the coarse particles ranging 400–700 μm, the grade efficiency was higher at the lower inflow rate (lower than 600 ml s⁻¹) and higher underflow rate. The cut-point (d₅₀) values ranged from 30 to 200 μm for a feed size range of 1–700 μm. The Response Surface Method (RSM) model predicted an optimum operating inflow rate and underflow ratio of 721 ml s⁻¹ of inflow rate and 30%, respectively, for the low-pressure hydrocyclone at a maximum total separation efficiency. Based on these findings, further design and operating adaptation of low-pressure hydrocyclones used for fine solids removal in recirculating aquaculture systems is expected.     

铝胁迫对酸性红壤中真菌种群多样性的影响

通过聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态(PCR-RFLP)技术构建了红壤真菌的内转录间隔区(Internal Transcribed Spacer,ITS)rDNAs文库,比较分析了红壤地区典型森林土和农田土真菌群落结构对铝胁迫的响应,构建了6个土壤样品的真菌ITS rDNAs文库。从这6个克隆文库中随机挑取克隆进行了PCR-RFLP指纹图谱分析,共获得77个独特的真菌操作分类单元(OperationalTaxanomicalUints,OTUs)。对77个OTUs的代表性克隆测序并利用Blast工具进行分析(相似性95%~100%)。研究结果表明森林土壤和农田土壤样品中真菌类群79.2%(61)属于子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和球囊菌门(Glomeromycota),20.8%(16)属于未分类的簇(Unclassifiedfungi),其中担子菌门真菌在两种土壤中具有明显优势。物种多样性指数(Simpson、Shannon和Chao1)分析表明,铝胁迫降低了土壤真菌种群的多样性,农田土壤中真菌的种群多样性明显高于森林土壤。而且随着铝胁迫浓度的增加,担子菌门真菌在两种土壤中丰度明显下降,子囊菌门真菌的丰度显著上升,在高铝处理浓度处理的土壤中演变为优势种群。     

滨海盐土综合改良措施及效果分析

对天津滨海盐土综合改良措施及其改良效果作了初步探讨,结果表明:经过近1.5年的综合改良,0～60cm土壤平均脱盐率达71.78%,表层土壤含盐量降低79.54%;且表层土壤盐分组成由氯化物型向硫酸盐型转变,降低了土壤盐分对植物的毒害效应;排水系统良好的条件下,灌溉淋洗有很好的脱盐效果;施用有机肥和种植绿肥能够明显增加土壤养分和有机质含量。     

Overcoming Fe deficiency in guava (Psidium guajava L.) by co-situs application of controlled release fertilizers

Abstract

Among micronutrient deficiencies, Fe deficiency is the most difficult nutritional disorder to prevent in the fruits of trees growing on calcareous soils. In this study, a pot experiment was carried out to evaluate the potential of co-situs application of controlled release fertilizers (CRF) in alleviating Fe deficiency and improving the growth of fruit trees growing on calcareous soil (pH 9.3). Guava (Psidium guajava L.) seedlings were used as test plants because of their sensitivity to Fe deficiency. Treatments consisted of the following: (1) broadcast application of readily soluble Fe, Zn, Cu, B and Mn fertilizers (Control) or (2) co-situs application of CRF containing N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Zn, B, Cu and Mn (Co-situs). For the Control treatment, CRF containing only N, P and K was used. Both treatments received the same amount of all nutrients. Plants were more chlorotic in young leaves under the Control treatment and the Fe content of young leaves was significantly (least significant difference [LSD_0.05]) higher under the Co-situs treatment. Dry matter production of shoots under the Co-situs treatment was 5.2-fold higher than under the Control treatment, and the total accumulations of macro and micronutrients were much higher under the Co-situs treatment than the Control treatment. Total accumulations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg were 5.0, 4.1, 9.6, 3.2 and 2.2-fold higher, respectively, under the Co-situs treatment compared with the Control treatment, and Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn accumulations were 3.2, 4.1, 6.0 and 3.7-fold higher, respectively. Iron deficiency in guava seedlings was successfully alleviated by the co-situs application of controlled fertilizer, proving the high potential of this method in alleviating Fe deficiency in fruit trees growing on calcareous soils.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤中的总碘

采用碱液热浸提法处理土壤样品,通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定土壤中碘元素的总量。对前处理的3大参数——碱度、温度和时间进行试验摸索,得出适用于土壤的最佳浸提条件。测定结果显示,该方法的线性范围为0~500μg/L,线性相关系数0.999 8,方法检出限0.12μg/g,加标回收率为91.0%~104%,RSD均小于5%。综上,该法是一种能够快速、灵敏、准确地测定土壤样品中碘元素的先进方法。     

漫灌淋洗暗管排水协同改良滨海盐土水盐时空变化特征

为揭示暗管排水下漫灌淋洗土壤水盐运移规律,改进灌排工程技术,提高灌排改良效果,该文应用Vedernikov入渗方程和Van der Molen淋洗脱盐方程,对滨海盐土灌排改良过程土壤水分入渗、淋洗水量分配、盐分时空变化特征等进行了模拟研究。结果表明,间距分别为3、6、9 m的暗管排水控制区域(0~1.5、0~3、0~4.5 m)田面漫灌稳定入渗强度分别在3.14~4.26、1.19~3.68和0.58~3.55 cm/d之间,排水暗管间距越大的田面土壤入渗强度空间变化也越大。暗管排水下田面漫灌入渗强度的空间变化导致淋洗水量空间分配不均,距暗管越近的区域分配的淋洗水量越多,也导致了土壤淋洗脱盐空间差异明显。漫灌淋洗20 d,间距9 m的暗管排水控制区域(0~4.5 m)仅靠近暗管0~0.6 m宽的区段0~60 cm土层土壤含盐量下降到3.00 g/kg以下,该区段(达到改良目标)仅占暗管排水控制区域面积的13.3%;漫灌淋洗40 d,仅靠近暗管0~1.6 m宽的区段0~60 cm土层土壤含盐量下降到3.00 g/kg以下,该区段(达到改良目标)仅占暗管排水控制区域面积的35.5%;为了使暗管排水控制区域0~60 cm土层土壤含盐量都下降到3.00 g/kg以下,需要漫灌淋洗100 d。完全一致地漫灌淋洗整个区域将导致暗管附近区域土壤过度淋洗,浪费水资源;而距暗管较远区域土壤淋洗不充分,降低淋洗效率。     

4种园林植物及其根区土壤重金属元素含量季相变化特征研究

以南京市道路4种园林绿化植物（合欢、女贞、冬青和杜鹃）为试材,连续2年研究了土壤 植物系统中重金属含量的季相变化。结果表明： 4种园林植物体内及根区土壤重金属和有效态重金属含量均表现出秋季最高、春季最低的季相变化,4种园林植物根区土壤各重金属元素含量依次为Zn>As>Cu>Pb>Cd>Ni。同一季节,不同植物根区土壤重金属含量基本表现为合欢>女贞>冬青>杜鹃。合欢、女贞、冬青、杜鹃在一年四季对As,Cd,Cu的富集系数均大于1,表明其对As,Cd,Cu的富集能力较强。上述结果可为深入认识园林植物与城市生态环境间的相互作用提供参考。     

酸性土壤植物磷铝互作研究进展

铝毒和缺磷是酸性土壤上作物生产的2个主要限制因子,解决酸性土壤铝毒和缺磷问题是提高作物产量及保障粮食安全的重要途径。酸性土壤中铝毒和缺磷经常共存,磷与铝在土壤、根-土界面和植物体内关系密切,其相互作用对植物生长发育具有重要影响。该文总结了酸性土壤中铝的存在形式、磷的现状及存在形式,简述了近年来磷与铝元素交互作用对植物生长发育的影响,并对进一步的研究作了展望。     

不同有机物料对灌漠土重金属累积特征及作物效应的影响

【目的】 探讨长期施用有机物料对灌漠土中重金属含量、形态赋存特征及作物重金属含量的影响,为有机物料农业安全利用及土壤有机培肥中重金属累积控制提供理论依据和技术支持。【方法】 利用田间长期定位试验,研究鸡粪、牛粪、猪粪、菌渣、污泥和沼渣对灌漠土几种典型重金属元素含量、赋存形态及小麦植株中重金属含量的影响。【结果】 长期（7年）施用鸡粪、猪粪、污泥的处理显著增加了灌漠土中Cu、Zn含量,增加量为猪粪＞鸡粪＞污泥,其中Cu含量分别增加了62.20%、20.10%和10.26%,Zn含量分别增加了79.98%、39.24%和18.31%,并与施用年限呈显著正相关关系。3种有机物料施用下Cu平均每年累积速率为4.16、1.25和0.97 mg·kg ^-1·a ^-1,Zn平均每年累积速率为11.04、4.86和2.59 mg·kg ^-1·a ^-1。但施用上述3种有机物料对Cd、Cr、Pb和Ni含量没有显著影响。施用牛粪、菌渣和沼渣对灌漠土中重金属含量亦无显著影响。施用鸡粪、猪粪、污泥还显著影响了土壤中Cu、Zn赋存形态,增加了土壤中Cu、Zn各有效赋存形态的含量和占总量的比例,显著提高了灌漠土中Cu、Zn有效态的含量,显著增加了小麦根和秸秆中Cu、Zn的含量,其中猪粪影响最大。【结论】 猪粪、鸡粪、污泥长期施用可导致灌漠土中Cu、Zn快速累积并提高Cu、Zn的生物有效性,其中猪粪的作用尤为明显。在施用有机物料培肥土壤时,要特别关注其中Cu、Zn的含量,以确保土壤健康和可持续利用。