西南桦人工林木材纤维形态株内变异研究

为研究西南桦人工林的木材物理力学性能,对其禾材纤维形态进行了测试.结果表明:径向上纤维长度、纤维宽度、纤维长宽比在髓心处较小,沿髓心向外逐渐增大并渐趋稳定,纤维壁腔比在髓心处较大,沿髓心向外逐渐减小并渐趋稳定;轴向上纤维长度、宽度、长宽比在树根处较小,随树木长高逐渐增大并逐步趋于稳定,纤维壁腔比在树根处较大,随树木长高逐渐减小并逐步趋于稳定.西南桦人工林木材纤维较长,纤维长宽比较大,纤维壁腔比较小,纤维形态表明西南桦人工林木材是适合用于制浆造纸工业的极好原料.     

Frozen bread dough: Effects of freezing storage and dough improvers

This review focuses on the effects of freezing storage on the microstructure and baking performance of frozen doughs, and provides an overview of the activities of dough improvers, including emulsifiers, hydrocolloids and other improvers used in frozen dough applications. The overall quality of bread baked from frozen dough deteriorates as the storage of the dough at sub-zero temperatures increases due to several factors which are discussed. Lipid-related emulsifiers such as diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono and diglycerides and sucrose esters employed as anti-staling agents, dough modifiers, shortening sparing agents, and as improvers for the production of high-protein bread have also been employed in frozen doughs. Hydrocolloids are gaining importance in the baking industry as dough improvers due to their ability to induce structural changes in the main components of wheat flour systems during breadmaking steps and bread storage Their effects in frozen doughs is discussed. Other dough improvers, such as ascorbic acid, honey and green tea extract, are also reviewed in the context of frozen doughs.     

基于叶片反射光谱估测水稻氮营养指数

【目的】基于叶片反射光谱建立快速、无损监测水稻氮营养指数（nitrogen nutrition index,NNI）的估算模型。【方法】2018—2019年开展2个水稻品种（徽两优898和Y两优900）及5个氮肥梯度（施氮量为0、75、150、225和300 kg·hm^-2,分别记为N₀、N₁、N₂、N₃、N₄）的田间小区试验,测定关键生育期不同叶位叶片反射光谱和植株NNI,构建多种光谱指数的水稻NNI监测模型。【结果】单叶及叶位组合的敏感波段均分布在540 nm的绿光波长处,其与近红外波段构成的窄波段比值指数SR（R₉₀₀,R₅₄₀）可较好反演水稻NNI。但不同叶位叶片窄波段比值指数与水稻NNI的预测精度表现不同,顶3叶（L₃）预测精度最好（R²=0.731,RMSE =0.130,RE=11.6%）,顶2叶（L₂）次之（R²=0.707,RMSE =0.136,RE =12.2%）,顶1叶（L₁）最差（R²=0.443,RMSE =0.187,RE =14.7%）;顶2叶和顶3叶组合平均光谱（L₂₃）的预测精度优于单叶水平和其他叶位组合（R²=0.740,RMSE =0.128,RE =11.5%）。再将窄波段比值指数SR（R₉₀₀,R₅₄₀）近红外与绿光区域分别重采样50 nm和10 nm,所构建的宽波段比值指数SR[AR_{（900±50）},AR_{（540±10）}]模型精度较SR（R₉₀₀,R₅₄₀）未明显降低,且在L₂₃水平下2个模型的模型精度和预测精度基本一致（R²=0.740,RMSE =0.128,RE =11.5%）。水稻NNI小于1时与产量呈线性的正相关关系（P<0.05）,大于1时产量趋于平稳。【结论】L₂和L₃叶片反射光谱为监测水稻NNI的敏感叶位,其中叶位组合L₂₃可提高模型预测精度。基于叶片反射光谱构建的多种波段比值指数（SR（R₉₀₀,R₅₄₀）和SR[AR_{（900±50）},AR_{（540±10）}]）可快速估测水稻NNI,从而为不同传感器对水稻氮营养指数估测监测研究提供了理论依据。     

甜菜夜蛾幼虫龄数和龄期的测定

甜菜夜蛾[Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)]属鳞翅目(Lepidoptera)夜蛾科(Noctuidae),是芦笋、番茄、棉花、萝卜、玉米等植物上的重要害虫。明确该虫幼虫的龄数和龄期,可为其预测预报和科学防治提供依据。对甜菜夜蛾幼虫各龄期的头壳宽度、体长和体重进行测量,并根据频次分布图、戴氏定律、Crosby生长法则和回归分析推断和验证甜菜夜蛾幼虫的虫龄数。结果显示,甜菜夜蛾1~5龄幼虫的头壳宽度范围分别为0.21~0.30、0.40~0.49、0.65~0.75、1.05~1.15、1.65~1.80 mm,频次分布呈现出5个明显的集中区域;1~5龄幼虫的体长范围分别为1.0~3.1、2.5~6.5、4.0~10.0、5.0~15.0、11.0~27.0 mm,各龄期体长出现重叠,频次分布集中区域不明显;1~5龄幼虫的体重范围分别为0.025~0.567、0.200~6.000、1.100~15.200、6.200~65.600、32.900~275.200 mg。结果表明,试验条件下甜菜夜蛾幼虫共5龄,幼虫头壳宽度可作为分龄指标,而幼虫体长和体重在各龄期出现较大程度的重叠,不宜作为分龄指标。     

基于改接皂荚的野皂荚林改造模式研究

皂荚是一种典型的生态经济型树种,其经济价值显著高于野皂荚。笔者通过分析3种野皂荚灌木林割灌整地模式对皂荚嫁接苗的苗高、基部粗度的影响,计算3种模式的投入成本,确定最优割灌整地模式和最佳割灌时间。结果表明,带状割灌整地为野皂荚灌木林地改造最优模式,当年的11月份至次年清明前为最佳割灌时间。     

A pilot study of sexual dimorphism in the head morphology of domestic dogs

The dog (Canis lupus familiaris) displays more morphological diversity than any other species. It is a direct descendant of the gray wolf (Canis lupus), but shows remarkable behavioral and morphological differences. It has been suggested that differences in skull shape that relate to brain shape and retinal ganglion cell distribution may predict behavioral differences. The aim of this pilot study was to assess head morphology in common breeds for evidence of sexual dimorphism in head length, head width, and the ratio of the 2: cephalic index (CI). When males of 80 breeds studied were compared with females, sexual dimorphism (differences in a t-test at the level of P < 0.01) emerged for head length in 5 breeds, for head width in 10 breeds and in CI for 2 breeds. The 2 breeds that showed sexual dimorphism in CI showed no difference (at the level of P < 0.01) in either length or width. These results suggest that all 3 types of dimorphism in head morphometrics must be considered separately. Although the longer and wider heads in males may be predicted because, within a breed, they are expected to be generally bigger animals, the sexual dimorphism in CI is of interest. It may belie differences in brain shape and even predict differences in health, welfare, and behavior.     

Competitive interactions between native and exotic salmonids: a combined field and laboratory demonstration

Abstract –  We studied the impact of two exotic salmonid species (brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss ) on native brown trout ( Salmo trutta fario ) habitat, growth and survival. Habitat selection and vertical distribution between young-of-the-year of the three species were examined in a stream aquarium under different sympatric and allopatric combinations. In addition, similar species combinations were introduced in a Pyrenean mountain stream (southwest France) in order to extend laboratory results to growth and apparent survival. Both laboratory and field results indicated that rainbow trout significantly affected native brown trout habitat selection and apparent survival. On the contrary, brown trout habitat, growth and apparent survival were hardly affected by brook trout. These results support the idea that rainbow trout negatively influence native brown trout, and that competition could influence the outcome of fish biological invasions in freshwater ecosystems.     

大兴安岭不同坡向兴安落叶松径向生长对气候变化的响应

为比较不同坡向兴安落叶松径向生长对于气候变暖响应是否存在差别,在内蒙古大兴安岭地区中部和南部采集不同坡向兴安落叶松年轮样品,建立年表。结果表明：中部地区南坡、南部地区南坡和北坡在近几十年里随着温度升高树木年轮宽度指数变化不大;中部地区北坡年轮宽度指数近几十年总体呈现显著上升趋势,但是在不同时间段内显示出不同的变化规律,1960—1980年树木年轮指数显著上升,年轮平均宽度指数增加3．57％,1980—2008年年轮宽度指数显著下降,年轮平均宽度指数减少0．89％。研究证实,大兴安岭中部地区南坡和北坡兴安落叶松径向生长规律存在差异,而大兴安岭南部地区南坡和北坡兴安落叶松径向生长规律相同。     

广西江南油杉人工林冠幅与胸径 相关性研究及应用

以广西南宁、玉林不同地点人工林江南油杉样地数据为基础,通过回归模型进行分析,回归方程分别为C=0.264D0.877、C=0.414D0.794,该回归方程能较好的描述其冠幅和胸径的相关关系,相关系数均在0.9 以上,并在此基础上编制广西南宁、玉林江南油杉林分适宜经营密度表,为其人工林遗传育种、定量间伐提供数据参考。