Interactions between phosphorus availability and microbes in a wheat–maize double cropping system: A reduced fertilization scheme

Mechanisms controlling phosphorus(P) availability and the roles of microorganisms in the efficient utilization of soil P in the wheat–maize double cropping system are poorly understood. In the present study, we conducted a pot experiment for four consecutive wheat–maize seasons(2016–2018) using calcareous soils with high(30.36 mg kg^–1) and low(9.78 mg kg^–1) initial Olsen-P content to evaluate the effects of conventional P fertilizer application to both wheat and maize(Pwm) ...     

Factors influencing seed reserve utilization during seedling establishment in maize inbred lines

Strong seedlings are essential for high yield. To explore the foundation of strong seedlings, we investigated various factors influencing the conversion and distribution of seed storage reserves during seedling establishment in maize inbred lines. Three maize inbred lines were used to explore the effects of seed size, seed vigor, illumination duration, temperature, water content, and salt concentration of the seedling medium on the utilization of seed storage reserves during seedling establishme...     

杂交玉米品种黔玉3号耐旱和耐盐能力的鉴定

分别用不同浓度的PEG-6000和NaCl溶液模拟干旱和盐胁迫,以常规玉米品种农大108为对照,从水分状况、膜伤害、光合速率、渗透势和离子吸收等生理指标对杂交玉米品种黔玉3号幼苗的耐旱和耐盐能力进行了比较和鉴定.结果表明,供试两玉米品种受胁迫后,地上部相对含水量、叶片净光合速率(Pn)和 PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)都降低,叶片相对电解质渗漏率及盐胁迫下植株的Na /K 值都升高,农大108的变幅大于黔玉3号;叶片渗透势都降低,在盐胁迫下植株SRK,Na值都升高,但农大108的变幅小于黔玉3号.通过上述指标的综合评价表明,黔玉3号的耐旱、耐盐能力大于农大108.     

优良糯玉米自交系lz-8的选育与应用

lz-8-5-2-2是以贵州省一糯质农家种为材料,经连续多代自交分离选育而成,具有优质、高配合力等特点。以其为亲本育成了优良糯玉米新品种柳糯582、柳糯8号,并通过了品种审定,值得推广种植。     

甜玉米/鲜食大豆间作对根际固氮细菌和丛枝菌根真菌的影响

为探索甜玉米/鲜食大豆间作系统地下交互作用,利用MiSeq高通量微生物测序技术,研究间作2∶2和2∶3种植模式下(Ⅰm2s2、Ⅱm2s3)土壤氮磷代谢关键菌群固氮细菌和丛枝菌根真菌的组成和变化与甜玉米产量的关系。结果发现,间作处理显著降低Proteobacteria_unclassified的相对丰度,显著提高Aztobacter,Rhizobiales_unclassified和Bradyrhizobium的相对丰度。间作处理未改变丛枝菌根真菌群落多样性指数(Shannon指数),显著提高丛枝菌根真菌群落丰度指数(Chao指数),提高Glomeromycota相对丰度。间作处理对固氮细菌和丛枝菌根真菌的优化有利于增强地下根系与菌群的共生交互,显著增加土壤中碱解氮和有效磷的含量,提高甜玉米产量。Ⅱm2s3间作处理模式优于Ⅰm2s2间作处理。     

不同覆盖材料对耕层土壤温度及玉米出苗的影响

在玉米沟垄集雨种植模式下对沟内覆盖普通地膜、生物降解膜、液体地膜及秸秆的耕层土壤温度及玉米出苗状况进行了观测.两年结果表明,普通地膜和生物降解膜覆盖均能显著提高土壤温度,在5～25 cm耕层平均温度比不覆盖分别增加2.51℃～3.77℃和1.30℃～2.19℃,液体地膜覆盖与对照差异很小,增温值为0.13℃～0.56℃,而秸秆覆盖与不覆盖相比有明显的降温作用,其5～25 cm土层温度比对照降低1.25℃～2.19℃.普通地膜和生物降解膜覆盖分别使玉米提前4 d和3 d出苗,秸秆覆盖使出苗期推迟2 d,液体地膜覆盖与对照的出苗期无差异.     

华北平原旱地不同熟制作物产量、效益和水分利用比较

针对华北平原地下水超采严重,通过研究雨养旱作条件下不同熟制的产量、投入产出和水分利用效率,探索华北平原缺水区雨养旱作条件下的节水种植制度,可为地下水超采提供技术支撑。以当地主栽种植模式冬小麦和夏玉米一年2熟种植和春玉米一年1熟种植为研究对象,通过大田试验对雨养旱作条件下冬小麦、夏玉米和春玉米3种作物构成的2种种植制度的产量、耗水、投入、产出进行分析。试验于2007—2013年在中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站进行,该站为华北平原高产农区的典型代表。试验共设2个处理,T1为冬小麦-夏玉米一年2熟制,T2为春玉米一年1熟制。T1中的冬小麦生育期为每年的10月中上旬至翌年的6月中旬,夏玉米为6月中下旬至10月上旬,冬小麦品种大部分年份为‘科农199’,夏玉米品种为‘郑单958’。T2中春玉米的生育期为每年的5月中下旬至当年的9月上中旬,品种为‘农大108’、‘浚单20’、‘郑单958’和‘先玉335’。试验区从2007年9月至2013年6月一直未灌溉,为雨养旱作条件。研究结果表明,雨养旱作条件下,冬小麦产量基本稳定;夏玉米和春玉米产量随年型不同波动较大,尤其是夏玉米产量受播种时土壤含水量的影响较大,很多年份由于干旱少雨,玉米出苗时间推迟,导致玉米产量大幅度降低。T1比T2虽然具有明显的产量优势,增产34.1%,但由于冬小麦生产投入较高,T1的净收益比T2低279.97元·hm-2。3种作物的生产投入中,农资和机械投入比例最大,劳动力投入占很小比例,农资投入中,化肥投入最高;3种作物的产投比分别为1.42、2.66和3.42,雨养旱作条件下冬小麦的产投比最低,春玉米最高。从作物的耗水结构分析,冬小麦生育期降雨较少,以消耗雨季储存于土壤中的土壤水分为主,春(夏)玉米生育期降雨较多以消耗降雨为主。目前,生产上正在自发地压缩冬小麦的种植面积,春玉米一年1熟种植面积迅速增加。因此,在保证区域粮食安全的条件下,通过调整农业种植结构可以控制水资源的过度开采,保证农业持续发展。     

玉米苗期冠层多光谱反射率反演与叶绿素含量诊断

为了探索玉米苗期叶片叶绿素含量指标的快速、非破坏性估测方法,该文运用多光谱图像技术对大田玉米苗期叶绿素含量指标进行快速无损的诊断研究。大田试验中,采用2-CCD多光谱图像采集系统获取大田玉米苗期的冠层多光谱图像,并同步采集漫反射灰度板的多光谱图像。为消除光照对图像采集质量的影响,准确将不同光照条件下的玉米冠层图像数据转换为其叶面反射率数据,标定试验中采用一块4个不同灰度级的满足朗伯面条件漫反射灰度板,建立了叶片光谱反射率同图像灰度值之间的线性反演公式,并与大田试验中漫反射灰度板的多光谱图像建立了玉米冠层图像灰度值的校正公式。对玉米苗期冠层多光谱图像进行处理,提取出玉米冠层B、G、R、NIR(中心波长分别为470,550,620,800 nm)4个波段归一化平均灰度值。通过灰度值的校正公式得到校正后的归一化平均灰度值,由线性公式反演出R、G、B、NIR 4个波段的平均反射率值,并计算4种常见光谱植被指数(RNDVI、RNDGI、RRVI和RDVI),采用最小二乘-支持向量回归(LS-SVR)建立植被指数同叶绿素含量指标的拟合模型。结果表明:植被指数RNDVI、RRVI和RDVI和玉米冠层叶绿素含量指标拟合验证集决定系数R2为0.56,达到了较为理想的拟合结果。证明通过漫反射灰度板对玉米冠层多光谱图像建立反射率反演校正模型的方法是可行的,这一方法为快速无损检测玉米苗期叶绿素含量指标提供了支持。     

Agricultural studies of GM maize and the field experimental infrastructure of ECOGEN

Within the ECOGEN project, long-term field experiments with genetically modified maize, Zea mays L. were conducted to study agro-ecological effects on the soil fauna and agro-economic implications of the technology. Here, we describe the study-sites, experimental layout and results of agro-economic relevance. Experiments were conducted during 2002–2005 in Denmark (Foulum), northern France (Varois) and the Midi-Pyrenees region of southern France (Narbons). MON810 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-varieties expressing the Cry1Ab protein, and a T25 glufosinate-ammonium (Basta) tolerant variety expressing the pat-gene encoding phosphinotrinacetyl-transferase were compared with near-isogenic non-Bt varieties, and conventional maize varieties. At Foulum, the maize was harvested for silage. There were no significant differences in yield between Bt-maize and a near-isogenic non-Bt variety, while a small difference in N-concentration of dry matter was detected in 1 year in a range of a measured quality parameters. Similar yield and quality were found in ploughed and reduced tillage treatments in all varieties. At Varois, the maize was harvested at ripeness and no significant differences in grain yield between Bt-maize and near-isogenic non-Bt varieties were found. These results were expected, as only Narbons harbours significant corn-borer populations. At Narbons, the number of Sesamia and Ostrinia corn-borer larvae were significantly lower in the Bt-maize than in a near-isogenic non-Bt variety and for Sesamia even less than in conventional varieties sprayed with pesticides to control corn-borer infestation. Here, Bt-maize produced a higher grain yield and grain size than a near-isogenic non-Bt variety or allowed a significant reduction in pesticide use. Concentrations of Cry1Ab in the Bt-varieties were sufficient to effectively control corn-borer larvae. In soil, Cry1Ab was close to the limit of detection and the protein did not accumulate in the soil year on year.