硫杆菌和元素硫在治理重金属污染中的应用研究进展

硫杆菌和元素硫在治理土壤和沉积物中重金属已经有了较多的研究。本文论述了利用硫杆菌和元素硫治理土壤和沉积物中的重金属污染的应用进展。主要包括了利用硫杆菌和元素硫去除重金属的优缺点及主要的影响因素,如温度、pH、细菌种类、元素硫浓度等。     

Sulphur Mineralization and Carbon,Nitrogen, and Sulphur Relationships in Some Alfisols of India

Abstract

The amount of sulphur (S), nitrogen (N), and organic carbon (C) in different layers of soils from some Alfisols varied considerably with location. The amount of S extracted by different extractants as a percentage of the total S was in the order of organic (3.5%)>0.05 (N) NH₄OAc+0.25 (N) HOAc (1.9%)>0.1 (N) H₃PO₄ (1.8%)>0.025 (N) CaCl₂ (1.8%)>0.03 (N) NaH₂PO₄ (1.7%)>0.001 (N) HCl (0.6%). In all the soil series SO₄ ^2?‐S mineralization decreased up to the second week after incubation, followed by a slight increase up to the fourth week, a subsequent decline up to the sixth week, and a slight increase up to the eighth week. The C:N, C:S, N:S, and C:N:S ratios averaged 9.4:1, 63.7:1, 6.9:1, and 94:10:2.08, respectively.     

硫素水平对夏玉米产量及生理特性影响的研究

每公顷基施0(CK)、36.3(S1)、413.85(S2)kg硫时,玉米每公顷产量分别为9 784.5、10639.5和11322kg,处理分别比对照增产8.73%和15.71%,并提高了果穗长度,增加了穗行数和行粒数,对千粒重影响不大.玉米单株的千物质积累量、株高、绿叶面积、比叶重及光合势、净同化率均表现为S2>S1＞CK.施用硫肥后,提高了功能叶片的叶绿素a、b以及叶绿素总含量,但施硫处理间在前期差异不大,后期S2处理叶绿素含量较高,叶绿素a/b比值各处理间相对稳定.施用硫肥提高了玉米叶片的光合速率,表现为S2>S1＞CK.施用硫肥还提高了玉米植株的气孔导度和蒸腾速率.     

Do UK crops and grassland require greater inputs of sulphur fertilizer in response to recent and forecast reductions in sulphur emissions and deposition?

UK emissions of sulphur dioxide decreased by 94% between 1970 and 2010 and are projected to decrease by another 50% by 2020 as coal fired power stations are decommissioned. We used the Community Multiscale Air Quality model to create maps of sulphur (S) deposition to assess the impact of these forecast decreases in S emissions on net S deposition to crops in England and Wales. Currently, average S deposition, net of S leaching, varies little between the UK regions, being greatest in Yorkshire and Humberside (Y&H), at ca. 5–6 kg/ha S, and least in Wales, at ca. 3–4 kg/ha S. However, even in Y&H S deposition is no more than 25% of S uptake by cereals and only ca. 10% of S uptake by oilseed rape (OSR). By 2020, net S deposition is predicted to decrease by between 30 and 60% and will be no more than 15% of S uptake by cereal crops and <10% of S uptake by OSR. We conclude that, with the exception of a few localities, net S deposition is currently making only a minor contribution to crop S requirements and this small contribution will continue to decline. We recommend S be applied at the rates currently advised, as either mineral fertilizer or livestock manures (or a combination of both), to all crops and grass grown on sandy soils or in areas of >375‐mm overwinter rainfall. The need for S fertilizer appears to be greatest for grass swards cut more than once.     

硫肥对玉米的增产效果及其适宜用量的研究

阐述了硫肥在淡黑钙土上对玉米的产量构成、叶绿素含量、植株及子粒养分含量的影响。通过对玉米最大效益硫肥用量的计算 ,得出在淡黑钙土上玉米施用硫肥的适宜用量为 75kg h 。     

红壤旱地玉米施用硫肥的效果

研究了红壤旱地玉米施用硫肥的肥效,结果表明:增施硫肥可促进红壤旱地玉米有效结穗率和千粒重的提高,增产幅度为8.41%~23.36%。     

Long-term (13 years) measurements of SO2 fluxes over a forest and their control by surface chemistry

Long-term fluxes of sulphur dioxide (SO₂) have been measured over a mixed suburban forest subjected to elevated SO₂ concentrations. The net exchange was shown to be highly dynamic with substantial periods of both upward and downward fluxes observed in excellent conditions for flux measurement. Upward fluxes constituted 30% of selected fluxes and appeared more frequently when the canopy was acidic. Upward fluxes were shown to be due to desorption from a drying surface or when ambient levels declined after periods of increased SO₂ exposure.The long term average SO₂ flux (F) was −59 ng SO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ for the period 1997-2009 corresponding to an average SO₂ concentration of 12.3 μg SO₂ m⁻³ and a deposition velocity υ_d of 5 mm s⁻¹. The smallest deposition fluxes and υ_d were measured in dry conditions (−42 ng m⁻² s⁻¹ and 3.5 mm s⁻¹, resp.), which represented 57% of all cases. Wet canopies were more efficient sinks for SO₂ and a dew-wetted canopy had a smaller υ_d (6 mm s⁻¹) than a rain-wetted canopy (ca 10 mm s⁻¹). Seasonal variability reflected differences in chemical climate or canopy buffering properties. During the summer half-year when surface acidity was low due to higher NH₃/SO₂ ratios, a higher deposition efficiency (υ_d/υ_dmax) and lower non-stomatal resistance (R_w) were observed compared to winter conditions. Comparisons of R_c for different combinations of canopy wetness and surface acidity categories emphasized the importance of both factors in regulating the non-stomatal sinks of SO₂. Increased surface water acidity gradually led to a lower υ_d/υ_dmax and an increased R_c for all considered canopy wetness categories. The smallest υ_d/υ_dmax ratio and highest R_c were obtained for a dry canopy with high surface acidity. Conversely, a rain-wetted canopy was the most efficient sink for SO₂. The canopy sink strength was further enhanced by high friction velocities (u_*), optimizing the mechanical mixing into the canopy. Long-term trends were strongly coupled to changes in the NH₃/SO₂ ratio, which has clearly enhanced the deposition efficiency of SO₂ in recent years.     

Effects of dietary Cu, Mo and S on urinary Cu and Zn excretion in Simmental and Angus cattle

This study determined the effects of dietary copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo) and sulphur (S) on urinary Cu and zinc (Zn) excretion in cattle. Four Simmental and four Angus heifers were fed low (L) or high (H) levels (mg/kg DM) of Cu (5, 40), Mo (1, 10) and S (0.2, 0.5%). Initially two of each breed was fed either LCu or HCu (2 mo). Then all eight animals were fed sequentially LCuHS (1.5 mo), HCuHS, HCuHMo and HCuHMoHS (2 mo each). Simmental had a higher urine flow, increased concentration and total excretion of urinary Cu and Zn compared to Angus, but only total Zn excretion was significantly higher. Urinary Cu excretion was greatest with the HCuHMoHS diet. Urinary Zn excretion significantly increased with HS but not HS in combination with HMo and/or HCu. This study, together with previously reported biliary excretion, allows a direct comparison of urinary and biliary Cu and Zn excretion responses to dietary Cu, Mo and S.     

茶树的硫营养及其品质效应

分析结果表明，硫在茶树体内的分布状况是：吸收根＞输导根＞叶片＞半木质茎＞木质茎，种子＞花。采用盆栽和田间小区试验相结合的方法，分析硫对品质成分含量及相关酶的影响，结果表明，硫能促进茶树的基础代谢，提高光合强度、叶绿素含量、全氮量和全磷量，但对钾的吸收有较小的抑制作用。在一定硫水平下能明显提高ＮＲ活性，游离氨基酸，特别是茶氨酸、天门冬氨酸等含量显著增加，但ＰＰＯ活性和茶多酚代谢受到了明显的抑制，酚氨比值下降，因而对绿茶品质的形成有利。